Songs versus colours versus horns: what explains the diversity of sexually selected traits?
Songs versus colours versus horns: what explains the diversity of sexually selected traits?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/brv.12593
复制
发表时间：
2020-02
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
J. Wiens;E. Tuschhoff
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Wiens;E. Tuschhoff
有关性别选择的论文经常强调动物性别选择特征的难以置信的多样性。然而，很少有研究试图解释这种多样性为什么会进化。动物使用许多不同类型的特征来吸引配偶并击败竞争对手，包括颜色、歌曲和角，但目前尚不清楚为什么一些分类群有歌，另一些分类群有颜色，而另一些分类群有角。在这里，我们首先对不同类型的性选择信号和武器在动物生命树上的基本多样性和分布进行系统的调查。在此调查的基础上，我们描述了性状多样性和分布的七种主要模式。然后，我们讨论这些模式提出的10个未回答的问题，以及如何解决这些问题。一种主要的模式是，大多数动物门(88%)显然不存在大多数类型的性选择信号和武器，而不是传统观点，即动物存在各种性选择特征。此外，大多数特征多样性集中在节肢动物和脊索动物中，但仅限于特定的支系。在这些分支中，许多不同类型的特征已经进化，许多类型似乎重复进化。相比之下，其他主要的节肢动物和脊索动物支系似乎缺乏所有或大多数特征类型，类似的模式在较小的系统发育规模上重复(例如在昆虫中)。虽然大多数关于性别选择的研究都集中在雌性选择上，但我们发现(在样本物种中)相似数量的特征涉及到雄性竞争(44%)和雌性选择(55%)。总体而言，这些模式在很大程度上没有得到解释和探索，关于这些特征进化的许多其他基本问题也是如此。我们认为，理解性别选择特征的多样性可能需要在相对较深的时间尺度上(例如，数千万年前到数亿年前)转向宏观进化研究。
Papers on sexual selection often highlight the incredible diversity of sexually selected traits across animals. Yet, few studies have tried to explain why this diversity evolved. Animals use many different types of traits to attract mates and outcompete rivals, including colours, songs, and horns, but it remains unclear why, for example, some taxa have songs, others have colours, and others horns. Here, we first conduct a systematic survey of the basic diversity and distribution of different types of sexually selected signals and weapons across the animal Tree of Life. Based on this survey, we describe seven major patterns in trait diversity and distributions. We then discuss 10 unanswered questions raised by these patterns, and how they might be addressed. One major pattern is that most types of sexually selected signals and weapons are apparently absent from most animal phyla (88%), in contrast to the conventional wisdom that a diversity of sexually selected traits is present across animals. Furthermore, most trait diversity is clustered in Arthropoda and Chordata, but only within certain clades. Within these clades, many different types of traits have evolved, and many types appear to have evolved repeatedly. By contrast, other major arthropod and chordate clades appear to lack all or most trait types, and similar patterns are repeated at smaller phylogenetic scales (e.g. within insects). Although most research on sexual selection focuses on female choice, we find similar numbers of traits (among sampled species) are involved in male contests (44%) and female choice (55%). Overall, these patterns are largely unexplained and unexplored, as are many other fundamental questions about the evolution of these traits. We suggest that understanding the diversity of sexually selected traits may require a shift towards macroevolutionary studies at relatively deep timescales (e.g. tens to hundreds of millions of years ago).