Experimental investigation of indoor aerosol dispersion and accumulation in the context of COVID-19: Effects of masks and ventilation.
Experimental investigation of indoor aerosol dispersion and accumulation in the context of COVID-19: Effects of masks and ventilation.
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DOI：
10.1063/5.0057100
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发表时间：
2021-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yarusevych S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shah Y;Kurelek JW;Peterson SD;Yarusevych S
持续的COVID-19疫情凸显了气溶胶传播在室内环境中传播疾病的重要性。本研究实验研究了在一个相对较大的室内环境中，由一个坐着的人体模型模拟的多分散微观颗粒（平均直径约1 μm）的呼出气溶胶的分散和积累。其目的是提供对普通口罩和通风/空气净化效果的定量见解，并为建模和风险评估提供相关的实验指标。测量结果表明，所有受试面罩主要通过重定向和减少呼气动量在宿主附近提供保护。然而，观察到泄漏导致面罩效率相对于面罩材料的理想过滤效率显著降低，即使在高效面罩（例如R95或KN 95）的情况下也是如此。在远场（与受试者的距离）进行的测试捕获了室内空间中长时间的显著气溶胶积聚（）。基于对简化模型的实验数据同化，提供了表观呼气过滤效率的定量测量。结果表明，表观呼气过滤效率显著低于面罩材料的理想过滤效率。尽管如此，高效口罩，如KN 95，仍然提供比更常用的布（10%）和外科口罩（12%）高得多的表观过滤效率（R95和KN 95口罩分别为60%和46%），因此仍然是减少室内空气传播疾病的推荐选择。结果还表明，虽然需要更高的通风能力来完全缓解气溶胶积聚，但与不通风空间中性能最佳的面罩相比，即使相对较低的换气率（）也会导致较低的气溶胶积聚。
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of aerosol dispersion in disease transmission in indoor environments. The present study experimentally investigates the dispersion and build-up of an exhaled aerosol modeled with polydisperse microscopic particles (approximately 1 μm mean diameter) by a seated manikin in a relatively large indoor environment. The aims are to offer quantitative insight into the effect of common face masks and ventilation/air purification, and to provide relevant experimental metrics for modeling and risk assessment. Measurements demonstrate that all tested masks provide protection in the immediate vicinity of the host primarily through the redirection and reduction of expiratory momentum. However, leakages are observed to result in notable decreases in mask efficiency relative to the ideal filtration efficiency of the mask material, even in the case of high-efficiency masks, such as the R95 or KN95. Tests conducted in the far field ( distance from the subject) capture significant aerosol build-up in the indoor space over a long duration (). A quantitative measure of apparent exhalation filtration efficiency is provided based on experimental data assimilation to a simplified model. The results demonstrate that the apparent exhalation filtration efficiency is significantly lower than the ideal filtration efficiency of the mask material. Nevertheless, high-efficiency masks, such as the KN95, still offer substantially higher apparent filtration efficiencies (60% and 46% for R95 and KN95 masks, respectively) than the more commonly used cloth (10%) and surgical masks (12%), and therefore are still the recommended choice in mitigating airborne disease transmission indoors. The results also suggest that, while higher ventilation capacities are required to fully mitigate aerosol build-up, even relatively low air-change rates () lead to lower aerosol build-up compared to the best performing mask in an unventilated space.
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