Microglia/Macrophage Polarization After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Microglia/Macrophage Polarization After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
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DOI：
10.1007/s12975-015-0428-4
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Xi G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Zhao H;Garton T;Keep RF;Hua Y;Xi G
小胶质细胞是大脑中常驻的巨噬细胞，是该组织中免疫系统激活的第一反应细胞。在静息状态下，小胶质细胞被分叉，并监测维持神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞协调的脑微环境。在脑出血(ICH)、创伤性脑损伤(TBI)、蛛网膜下腔出血和脑缺血等情况下，作为损伤反应的一部分，小胶质细胞被激活[1-7]。激活后，小胶质细胞转变为阿米巴表型，从而在炎症反应和坏死组织的吞噬过程中发挥作用。然而，根据蛋白和mRNA的表达，激活的小胶质细胞具有不同的表型。传统上，这些细胞被称为M1和M2极化的小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞，它们在脑损伤中扮演不同的角色[4]。到目前为止，对小胶质细胞极化的研究大多集中在脑损伤和脑缺血方面，对脑出血后小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞的极化知之甚少。在这篇评论中，我们将讨论一些已知的介导小胶质细胞表型转化的分子机制，讨论改变小胶质细胞激活表型平衡的新的治疗方法，并确定未来可能有助于脑出血后长期恢复的方向。
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain and are the first responders to immune system activation in that tissue. Under resting conditions, microglia are ramified and monitor the brain microenvironment maintaining neuron, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte coordination. In conditions such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral ischemia, microglia become activated as part of the injury response [1–7]. Upon activation, microglia transform into an amoeboid phenotype and consequently play roles in inflammatory reactions and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. However, based on protein and mRNA expression, activated microglia have different phenotypes. Classically, these have been termed M1-and M2-polarized microglia/macrophages and they have different roles in brain injury [4]. Until now, most studies on microglial polarization have focused on TBI and cerebral ischemia, and relatively little is known about the polarization of microglia/macrophages following ICH. In this commentary, we will discuss some known molecular mechanisms that mediate microglial phenotype transformation, discuss new therapeutic approaches to altering the balance of microglial activation phenotypes, and identify future directions that could aid in long-term recovery after ICH.