LinoSPAD: a time-resolved 256×1 CMOS SPAD line sensor system featuring 64 FPGA-based TDC channels running at up to 8.5 giga-events per second
LinoSPAD: a time-resolved 256×1 CMOS SPAD line sensor system featuring 64 FPGA-based TDC channels running at up to 8.5 giga-events per second
复制标题
LinoSPAD：时间分辨 256×1 CMOS SPAD 线路传感器系统，具有 64 个基于 FPGA 的 TDC 通道，运行速度高达每秒 8.5 个千兆事件
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. Charbon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Samuel Burri;H. Homulle;C. Bruschini;E. Charbon
LinoSPAD 是一款可重新配置的相机传感器，具有连接到低成本 Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA 的 256×1 CMOS SPAD（单光子雪崩二极管）像素阵列。 LinoSPAD 传感器的像素线间距为 24 μm，填充系数为 40%。 FPGA 实现了 64 个 TDC 和直方图引擎的阵列，每秒能够处理高达 8.5 千兆光子。 LinoSPAD 传感器尺寸为 1.68 mm×6.8 mm，每个像素都有一个直接数字输出连接到 FPGA。该芯片被粘合在载体 PCB 上以连接到 FPGA 主板。以 400 MHz 采样的基于 64 个进位链的 TDC 可以每 7.5 ns 生成一个时间戳，每个代码的平均时间分辨率低于 25 ps。 64 个直方图引擎提供覆盖长达 50 ns 的到达时间直方图。另一种模式允许读取 28 位时间戳，其范围可达 4.5 毫秒。由于 FPGA TDC 具有相当大的非线性，我们实现了一个能够实时提高直方图线性度的校正模块。 TDC 阵列使用超高速 USB3 链路连接到计算机，在我们的表征中使用的 12.5 ns 参考周期内每秒传输超过 150k 直方图。在表征和随后的后处理编程之后，我们使用具有 50 ps FWHM 的强激光脉冲测量短于 100 ps FWHM 的仪器响应直方图。定时分辨率与高填充因子相结合，使该传感器非常适合各种应用，从荧光寿命显微镜、拉曼光谱到 3D 飞行时间。
LinoSPAD is a reconfigurable camera sensor with a 256×1 CMOS SPAD (single-photon avalanche diode) pixel array connected to a low cost Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA. The LinoSPAD sensor’s line of pixels has a pitch of 24 μm and 40% fill factor. The FPGA implements an array of 64 TDCs and histogram engines capable of processing up to 8.5 giga-photons per second. The LinoSPAD sensor measures 1.68 mm×6.8 mm and each pixel has a direct digital output to connect to the FPGA. The chip is bonded on a carrier PCB to connect to the FPGA motherboard. 64 carry chain based TDCs sampled at 400 MHz can generate a timestamp every 7.5 ns with a mean time resolution below 25 ps per code. The 64 histogram engines provide time-of-arrival histograms covering up to 50 ns. An alternative mode allows the readout of 28 bit timestamps which have a range of up to 4.5 ms. Since the FPGA TDCs have considerable non-linearity we implemented a correction module capable of increasing histogram linearity at real-time. The TDC array is interfaced to a computer using a super-speed USB3 link to transfer over 150k histograms per second for the 12.5 ns reference period used in our characterization. After characterization and subsequent programming of the post-processing we measure an instrument response histogram shorter than 100 ps FWHM using a strong laser pulse with 50 ps FWHM. A timing resolution that when combined with the high fill factor makes the sensor well suited for a wide variety of applications from fluorescence lifetime microscopy over Raman spectroscopy to 3D time-of-flight.