Considerations of the Obstacles and Opportunities to Formalizing Cross-National Policy Transfer to the United States: A Case Study of the Transfer of Urban Environmental and Planning Policies from Germany
Considerations of the Obstacles and Opportunities to Formalizing Cross-National Policy Transfer to the United States: A Case Study of the Transfer of Urban Environmental and Planning Policies from Germany
复制标题
对美国跨国政策正式转移的障碍和机遇的思考：以德国城市环境和规划政策转移为例
DOI：
10.1068/c0865j
复制
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dale Medearis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
David P. Dolowitz;Dale Medearis
关于国外城市环境和规划政策在美国的引进、适应和应用的文章还不够多。关于美国次国家行为者和机构自愿跨国转移和应用环境政策的文章就更少了。我们打算通过讨论21世纪初德国城市环境和规划政策向美国的转移来解决这一问题。这一讨论的数据来自政府报告和规划声明，以及对在德国和美国开展业务的美国城市环境和规划从业人员的35次采访。我们发现，与更理性的政策转移模式不同，美国自愿引入环境和规划政策，很少是一个以问题为中心、以目标为导向的过程。相反，我们发现，对转移和收养过程的更好描述是一种相对无政府的情况。这似乎是由于一系列制度和文化过滤器导致美国政策制定者倾向于收集（和使用）来自国外的信息和经验。我们发现，这种过滤过程往往会鼓励政策制定者低估（或直接拒绝）海外模型的有用性，而且，当他们参与这一过程时，所收集的任何信息似乎都不是基于经过充分研究和分析的数据，而是基于嵌入的“隐性”知识。
Not enough has been written about the import, adaptation, and application of urban environmental and planning policies from abroad into the United States. Even less has been written about the voluntary cross-national transfer and application of environmental policies by American subnational actors and institutions. It is our intent to begin redressing this by discussing the transfer of urban environmental and planning policies from Germany to the United States during the early part of the 21st century. This discussion is informed by data drawn from governmental reports and planning statements and over thirty-five interviews with US urban environmental and planning practitioners operating in Germany and the United States. What we discover is that, unlike more rational models of policy transfer, the voluntary importation of environmental and planning policies into the US is seldom a problem-focused, goal-oriented process. Rather, what we find is that a better depiction of the transfer and adoption process is of a relatively anarchic situation. This appears to occur due to a range of institutional and cultural filters that predispose American policy makers against gathering (and using) information and experiences from abroad. We find that this filtering process tends to encourage policy makers to discount (or reject outright) the usefulness of overseas models and that, when they do engage in this process, any information gathered appears to be based less upon well-researched and analyzed data than embedded ‘tacit’ knowledge.