Two Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement
Two Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement
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埃及伊斯兰运动中的两种暴力争论
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Quintan Wiktorowicz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mohammed M. Hafez;Quintan Wiktorowicz
让更广泛的公众陷入冲突。在阿尔及利亚，不明朗的伊斯兰叛乱分子与军方支持的政权之间的内战导致超过 12 万人伤亡，其中包括大量平民死亡。这场冲突的残酷性，包括对妇女、儿童和老人的大规模屠杀，引起了国际社会的关注，并引起了人们对伊斯兰激进主义本质的担忧。这种暴力事件在整个中东地区的较低级别上演，包括约旦、也门、科威特、巴林、利比亚、苏丹和埃及。与此同时，与奥萨马·本·拉登有松散联系的激进萨拉的跨国网络袭击了美国在沙特阿拉伯、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚和也门的目标。本·拉登 1998 年 2 月发布的让针对美国军事目标和平民的袭击合法化的追令（伊斯兰法律意见）引发了西方圈子关于如何应对伊斯兰支持的恐怖主义不断上升的紧张辩论，自 9 月 11 日袭击以来，这场辩论变得更加紧迫。在中东之外，伊斯兰团体在中国、南非、厄立特里亚、克什米尔、菲律宾、车臣、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和达吉斯坦进行了暴力形式的斗争，重新定义了伊斯兰暴力斗争的版图。尽管激进策略处于伊斯兰运动的边缘，但 20 世纪 90 年代越来越多地使用暴力引发了有关伊斯兰激进主义和社会运动争论的重要问题。特别是，鉴于争论的范围广泛，包括讲道、宗教课程、社会和福利服务、出版物以及一般的达瓦（宗教传教）活动，为什么许多伊斯兰主义者转向暴力？更一般地说，考虑到其他策略，为什么社会运动利用暴力作为争论？如何解释暴力程度的跨国和历时差异？
broiling broader publics in con®ict. In Algeria, the civil war between a nebulous Islamic insurgency and the military-backed regime led to more than 120,000 casualties, including substantial civilian deaths. The brutality of the con®ict, which included widespread massacres of women, children, and the elderly, captured international attention and raised concerns about the nature of Islamic activism. This violence was reproduced at lower levels throughout the Middle East, including Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, Libya, the Sudan, and Egypt. At the same time, a transnational network of radical Sala¤s loosely af¤liated with Osama bin Laden attacked U.S. targets in Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Yemen. Bin Laden’s February 1998 fatwa (Islamic legal opinion) legitimizing attacks against U.S. military targets and civilians sparked nervous debates in Western circles about how to address rising levels of Islamic-sponsored terrorism, a debate given new urgency since the September 11 attacks. Outside the Middle East, Islamic groups engaged in violent forms of contention in China, South Africa, Eritrea, Kashmir, the Philippines, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Dagestan, rede¤ning the geography of violent Islamic struggles. Although radical tactics are at the fringe of Islamic movements, the growing use of violence in the 1990s raises important questions about Islamic activism and social movement contention. In particular, given the broad repertoire of contention, which includes preaching, religious lessons, social and welfare services, publications, and general da"wa (religious proselytizing) activities, why did a number of Islamists turn to violence? More generically, why do social movements utilize violence as contention, given other tactics? What explains cross-national and diachronic variance in the level of violence?