Political Development and Political Decay
Political Development and Political Decay
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政治发展与政治衰落
DOI：
10.2307/2009286
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发表时间：
1965
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
S. Huntington
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Huntington
在统治人类社会的法律中，“德·托克维尔说，”有一条法律似乎比所有其他法律都更精确和明确。如果人们要保持文明或变得文明，交往的艺术就必须以同样的比例发展和提高，条件的平等性也随之提高。动员参与率高，组织化、制度化低。德托克维尔文明社会的前提条件如果没有被破坏的话，正处于危险之中。在这些社会中，动员和制度化之间的冲突是政治的症结所在。然而，在关于发展中地区政治的快速增长的文献中，政治制度化通常很少得到处理。政治发展方面的作家强调现代化的进程以及与之密切相关的社会动员和政治参与增加的现象。要平衡地看待当代亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的政治，就需要更多地关注“联合的艺术”和政治机构的发展。为此目的，将政治发展与现代化区分开来，并将政治发展与政治组织和程序的制度化联系起来，是有益的。迅速增加的动员和参与是现代化的主要政治方面，破坏了政治体制。简而言之，快速现代化带来的不是政治发展，而是政治衰落。
Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or to become so, the art of associating together must grow and improve in the same ratio in which the equality of conditions is increased.”1 In much of the world today, equality of political participation is growing much more rapidly than is the “art of associating together.” The rates of mobilization and participation are high; the rates of organization and institutionalization are low. De Tocqueville's precondition for civilized society is in danger, if it is not already undermined. In these societies, the conflict between mobilization and institutionalization is the crux of politics. Yet in the fast-growing literature on the politics of the developing areas, political institutionalization usually receives scant treatment. Writers on political development emphasize the processes of modernization and the closely related phenomena of social mobilization and increasing political participation. A balanced view of the politics of contemporary Asia, Africa, and Latin America requires more attention to the “art of associating together” and the growth of political institutions. For this purpose, it is useful to distinguish political development from modernization and to identify political development with the institutionalization of political organizations and procedures. Rapid increases in mobilization and participation, the principal political aspects of modernization, undermine political institutions. Rapid modernization, in brief, produces not political development, but political decay.