When to flee? the economics of sneakers facing territorial aggression
When to flee? the economics of sneakers facing territorial aggression
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什么时候逃离？
DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.02.009
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ota;K.
在具有替代生殖策略的物种中，领土雄性（守卫者）通常对运动鞋保持警惕，并积极试图消除它们，造成严重的代价（受伤，有时死亡）。在这里，我研究了如何运动鞋逃脱领土攻击的三鳍鱼，九鳍鱼usetheostoma，在该领域，与经济飞行理论的帮助下开发的捕食者-猎物的相互作用。运动鞋隐藏在产卵地点附近潜行，但它们经常被领土雄性发现和攻击。在攻击开始后立即逃离可以减少受伤的风险。然而，逃离可能是一个错误的决定，导致损失了本可以通过不逃离获得的利益，因为不确定运动鞋是否是目标。随着后卫-运动鞋距离的减小，目标将变得清晰，不确定性也相应减小。因此，可以预测，飞行起始距离（FID，捕食者-猎物距离时，逃跑开始）是由成本效益的平衡。两种类型的领土侵略被确定为：“直接的方法”，在那里的男性领土直接接近一个给定的运动鞋，和“重新定位的方法”，在那里的男性领土转向重新定位和接近它的攻击后，对第一个目标。一项实地研究表明，运动鞋逃离更早地在重新定向的方法比在直接的方法。模型选择表明，FID在重新定向的方法预测的后卫，运动鞋的距离在攻击开始（起始距离）单独，而FID在直接的方法预测的起始距离，领土男性的接近速度和持续时间的运动鞋监测它们之间的相互作用。这些结果表明，运动鞋调整飞行决策规则的攻击情节，即经济决策的直接方法，但冲洗早期决策的重定向方法。这项研究为运动鞋的适应提供了一个新的例子。
In species with alternative reproductive tactics, territorial males (guarders) are usually vigilant against sneakers, and aggressively attempt to eliminate them, imposing serious costs (injuries, sometimes death). Here I examined how sneakers escape from territorial attack in the triplefin blenny,Enneapterygiusetheostoma, in the field, with the help of economic flight theory developed for predator–prey interactions. Sneakers hide around spawning sites for sneaking, but they are often detected and attacked by territorial males. Fleeing soon after the initiation of attack could reduce the risk of injuries. However, fleeing may be the wrong decision, resulting in a loss of benefit that could have been obtained by not fleeing, because of uncertainty about whether the sneaker is targeted. As the guarder–sneaker distance decreases, the target would become clear, and uncertainty is reduced accordingly. Therefore, it is predicted that flight initiation distance (FID, the predator–prey distance when escape begins) is determined by the cost–benefit balance. Two types of territorial aggression were identified: the ‘direct approach’, where the territorial male directly approaches a given sneaker, and the ‘reoriented approach’, where the territorial male turns to reorient and approaches it following an attack against the first target. A field study showed that sneakers fled earlier in the reoriented approach than in the direct approach. Model selection showed that FID in the reoriented approach was predicted by the guarder–sneaker distance at attack initiation (starting distance) alone, whereas FID in the direct approach was predicted by starting distance, the interaction between the approach speed of territorial males and the duration for which the sneakers monitored them. These results suggest that sneakers adjust flight decision rules to attack episodes, i.e. the economic decision in the direct approach, but the flush early decision in the reoriented approach. This study provides a novel example of adaptation in sneakers.