On the Conversational Basis of Some Presuppositions
On the Conversational Basis of Some Presuppositions
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一些预设的会话基础
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
M. Simons
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作者：
M. Simons
这篇论文最初发表于2001年，讨论了预设的来源问题，重点讨论了预设是语言表达的约定属性，还是结合一些一般的会话原则从普通内容中推导出来的推论。我认为，至少有一些预设应被分析为会话推理，理由是它们显示了这种推理的两个标志：上下文可撤销性和不可撤销性。我为与状态谓词的变化和施事相关的预设提出了这个案例。我进一步认为，需要一个一般性的原则，推导出的前提推理，说明各种情况下的前提推理不清楚涉及词汇预设触发。在论文的后半部分，我将对相关预设进行一般性的会话描述。在Stalnaker（1974）的一个简短评论的基础上，我提出了以下两个观点：第一，嵌入命题P的话语可以被看作提出了是否P的问题;第二，P可以与另一个命题Q相关联，使得只有当一个人已经相信Q为真时，提出是否P的问题才有意义。正是这些必要的先验信念构成了会话衍生的预设。尽管本文的论述只是一个初步尝试，但在随后的研究中，尤其是Abusch（2010）和Simons et al.（2010），已经开始探讨语境显著性问题或替代问题与预设的相关性。
This paper, originally published in 2001, deals with the question of the source of presuppositions, focusing on the question of whether presuppositions are conventional properties of linguistic expressions, or arise as inferences derivable from ordinary content in combination with some general conversational principles. I argue that at least some presuppositions should be analysed as conversational inferences, on the grounds that they show two of the hallmarks of such inferences: contextual defeasibility and nondetachability. I make this case for the presuppositions associated with change of state predicates and with factives. I argue further for the need for a general principle for deriving presuppositions as inferences by illustrating a variety of cases of presupposition-like inferences not clearly involving a lexical presupposition trigger. In the second half of the paper, I move towards the development of a general conversational account of the relevant presuppositions. Building on a brief comment in Stalnaker (1974), I develop the following pair of ideas: first, that an utterance embedding a proposition P may be seen as raising the question whether P; and second, that P may be related to a further proposition Q in such a way that it would make sense to raise the question whether P only if one already believed Q to be true. It is these required prior beliefs that constitute conversationally derived presuppositions. Although the account developed here is only a preliminary attempt, the relevance of contextually salient questions, or sets of alternatives, to an account of presupposition has been taken up in subsequent work, notably Abusch (2010) and Simons et al. (2010).