Comparison of sustainable flood risk management by four countries - the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the United States, and Japan - and the implications for Asian coastal megacities
Comparison of sustainable flood risk management by four countries - the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the United States, and Japan - and the implications for Asian coastal megacities
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DOI：
10.5194/nhess-22-2567-2022
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发表时间：
2022-08-12
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Adekola, Olalekan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chan, Faith Ka Shun;Yang, Liang Emlyn;Adekola, Olalekan
自20世纪80年代以来，可持续洪水风险管理（SFRM）开始流行。许多政府和非政府组织一直热衷于通过将社会，生态和经济主题纳入其洪水风险管理（FRM）实践来实施SFRM战略。然而，可持续森林资源管理的理由仍处于萌芽状态，尚不清楚这一概念是否正在影响不同国家的现行政策。本文回顾了四个发达国家过去和现在的洪水管理经验，从洪水防御到SFRM，以突出沿海特大城市发展的经验教训。本文探讨了最近的战略，如“为水腾出空间”，规划政策声明25（PPS 25），国家规划政策框架（NPPF）在英国和“空间的河流”在荷兰，这是实施减轻洪水，FRM与可持续发展的概念相结合，并提供良好的FRM实践为子孙后代。在这方面，美国还建立了国家洪水保险计划，日本则采取不同的做法，开发了先进的洪水预警和疏散应急系统，为极端气候做好准备。这些案例研究为实现长期的可持续森林资源管理提供了很好的经验教训，以提供考虑到社会经济和环境问题的合理的洪水管理做法。大多数发展中沿海特大城市，特别是亚洲的发展中沿海特大城市，仍然严重依赖传统的硬工程方法，这可能不足以减轻人为因素（如人口众多、社会经济快速增长、过度抽取地下水造成的沉降）和自然因素（如气候变化，包括海平面上升和地面沉降）造成的重大风险。很明显，不同的国家和城市对可持续森林资源管理有不同的解释，但本文探讨了政策制定者如何采用“混合选项”，从社会、经济和环境角度出发，对可持续发展进行长期思考。
Sustainable flood risk management (SFRM) has become popular since the 1980s. Many governmental and non-governmental organisations have been keen on implementing the SFRM strategies by integrating social, ecological, and economic themes into their flood risk management (FRM) practices. However, the justifications for SFRM are still somewhat embryonic, and it is not yet clear whether this concept is influencing current policies in different countries. This paper reviews the past and current flood management experiences from flood defence to SFRM in four developed countries to highlight lessons for coastal megacities in development. The paper explores recent strategies such as "Making Space for Water", Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25), and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in the UK and "Room for the River" in the Netherlands, which were implemented to mitigate flooding, integrate FRM with sustainability concepts, and deliver sound FRM practice for future generations. In this context, the United States has also established a National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), and in a different approach, Japan has developed an advanced flood warning and evacuation contingency system to prepare for climatic extremes. These case studies give good lessons in achieving long-term SFRM to deliver sound flood management practices considering socio-economic and environmental concerns. Most developing coastal megacities especially in Asia are still heavily reliant on a traditional hard-engineering approach, which may not be enough to mitigate substantial risks due to human factors (e.g. large population, rapid socio-economic growth, subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction) and natural factors (e.g. climate change including sea-level rise and land subsidence). It is clear that different countries and cities have their interpretation of SFRM, but this paper explores how policymakers can adopt "mixed options" to move towards long-term thinking about sustainability with social, economic, and environmental considerations.