Fortune and reversals of fortune in visual search: Reward contingencies for pop-out targets affect search efficiency and target repetition effects
Fortune and reversals of fortune in visual search: Reward contingencies for pop-out targets affect search efficiency and target repetition effects
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DOI：
10.3758/app.72.5.1229
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Driver, Jon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kristjansson, Arni;Sigurjonsdottir, Olafia;Driver, Jon
人们早就知道奖励可以调节公开的行为。但它们对注意力和感知过程的可能影响却没有得到很好的记录。在这里，我们研究了与两个不同的弹出目标相关的（可变的）奖励水平是否会影响视觉搜索和试验到试验的目标重复效应（见Maljkovic和Nakayama，1994）。观察者在另一种颜色的干扰菱形形状中搜索具有单例颜色的目标菱形形状（例如，红色中的绿色或反之亦然），然后判断目标在其顶部或底部是否具有凹口。正确的判断导致奖励，象征性的反馈立即表明这一点，实际奖励积累在研究结束时收到。一个特定的目标颜色导致了75%的正确判断的更高（10：1）奖励，而另一个单一的目标颜色（在参与者中抵消）只在25%的试验中产生了更高的奖励。我们用效率倒数（响应时间/正确比例）来衡量搜索性能。奖励时间表不仅导致更好的整体表现为更有益的目标颜色，但也增加了连续重复的目标，在该颜色的试验到试验启动。在前一次试验中获得的实际奖励水平会影响这一点，就像（正交）可能的水平一样。当奖励计划在没有明确指示的情况下在区块内逆转时，对搜索性能的影响在大约6次试验中出现相应的逆转，在大约15次试验中逐渐消失，显然观察者没有明确的偶然性知识。这些结果表明，弹出搜索和目标重复效果可以通过目标奖励水平的影响，搜索性能和重复效果动态跟踪奖励应急的变化。
Rewards have long been known to modulate overt behavior. But their possible impact on attentional and perceptual processes is less well documented. Here, we study whether the (changeable) reward level associated with two different pop-out targets might affect visual search and trial-to-trial target repetition effects (see Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994). Observers searched for a target diamond shape with a singleton color among distractor diamond shapes of another color (e.g., green among red or vice versa) and then judged whether the target had a notch at its top or bottom. Correct judgments led to reward, with symbolic feedback indicating this immediately; actual rewards accumulated for receipt at study end. One particular target color led to a higher (10:1) reward for 75% of its correct judgments, whereas the other singleton target color (counterbalanced over participants) yielded the higher reward on only 25% of the trials. We measured search performance in terms of inverse efficiency (response time/proportion correct). The reward schedules not only led to better performance overall for the more rewarding target color, but also increased trial-to-trial priming for successively repeated targets in that color. The actual level of reward received on the preceding trial affected this, as did (orthogonally) the likely level. When reward schedules were reversed within blocks, without explicit instruction, corresponding reversal of the impact on search performance emerged within around 6 trials, asymptoting at around 15 trials, apparently without the observers' explicit knowledge of the contingency. These results establish that pop-out search and target repetition effects can be influenced by target reward levels, with search performance and repetition effects dynamically tracking changes in reward contingency.