Lead and cadmium levels in daily foods, blood and urine in children and their mothers in Korea
Lead and cadmium levels in daily foods, blood and urine in children and their mothers in Korea
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DOI：
10.1007/s00420-002-0415-4
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发表时间：
2003-05-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Ikeda, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moon, CS;Paik, JM;Ikeda, M
目的：本研究旨在检查韩国儿童的饮食摄入、血中铅和镉的浓度，并将其与母亲的研究结果进行比较。方法：采集韩国釜山地区38对儿童（4-10岁）及其母亲（28-46岁，非吸烟，多为家庭主妇）的外周血、尿样和24小时食物重复样本，并提供知情同意。样品在无机物酸存在下加热湿化，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析湿化样品中的Pb和Cd。以几何均值（GM）和几何标准差（GSD）表示食物（Pb- f、Cd- f）、血液（Pb- b、Cd- b）和尿液中的Pb和Cd[观测值（Pb- uob、Cd- uob）和肌酐（Pb- ucr、Cd- ucr）或比重（1.016;Pb- usg、Cd- usg）校正值]。结果：儿童Pb- f和Cd- f的GM值分别为0.337杯Pb和0.457杯Cd/kg体重/天。Pb- b和Cd- b分别为38.0杯Pb和1.51杯Cd/l， Pb- u和Cd- uob分别为5.44杯Pb/l和1.33杯Cd/l。儿童的Pb-F和Pb-B值与母亲的Pb-B值无显著差异。相比之下，Cd-F和Cd-B在儿童和母亲之间存在显著差异。儿童的Cd-F与母亲的Cd-F相关，但儿童与母亲的Cd-B、Cd-U、Pb-F、Pb-B或Pb-U无显著相关。儿童及其母亲从饮食中摄入的铅分别占总铅摄入量（即呼吸和膳食摄入）的51.7%和64.8%，而从饮食中摄入的镉分别占97.8和98.2%。结论：儿童和母亲从食物中摄入的镉均为纯铅。孩子和母亲。儿童膳食镉摄入量与其母亲显著相关。然而，儿童的饮食铅摄入量与其母亲的摄入量没有相关性。儿童从环境空气中吸收的铅往往高于母亲。
Objectives: The present study was initiated to examine the dietary intake, blood level and urinary concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) among children in Korea, in comparison with the findings in their mothers. Methods: Peripheral blood, spot urine and 24-h food duplicate samples were collected in Busan, Korea, from 38 pairs of children (4-10 years of age) and their mothers (28-46 years, non-smoking, mostly housewives), who provided informed consent. Samples were wet-ashed by being heated in the presence of mineral acids, and Pb and Cd in the wet-ashed samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Pb and Cd in food (Pb-F, Cd-F), blood (Pb-B, Cd-B) and urine [observed value (Pb-Uob, Cd-Uob), and values corrected for creatinine (Pb-Ucr, Cd-Ucr) or a specific gravity (1.016; Pb-Usg, Cd-Usg)] were presented in terms of geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). Results: Pb-F and Cd-F in the children were 0.337 mug Pb and 0.457 mug Cd/kg body weight per day as GM, respectively. Pb-B and Cd-B were 38.0 mug Pb and 1.51 mug Cd/l, and Pb-U and Cd-Uob were 5.44 mug Pb/l and 1.33 mug Cd/l, respectively. Pb-F and Pb-B for children were not significantly different from the values for their mothers. In contrast, Cd-F and Cd-B were significantly different between children and their mothers. Cd-F for children correlated with Cd-F for mothers, but no significant correlation was observed in Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-F, Pb-B or Pb-U between children and their mothers. The dietary intake of Pb in total Pb intake (i.e., respiratory and dietary intake) accounted for 51.7 and 64.8% in children and their mothers, respectively, whereas the corresponding proportions were 97.8 and 98.2%, respectively, for Cd. Conclusion: Cd intake was exclusively from food, both in. children and mothers. Dietary Cd intake of children significantly correlated with that of their mothers. Dietary Pb intake in children, however, did not correlate with that of their mothers. Pb uptake from ambient air tended to be higher in children than in their mothers.