The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses.
The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses.
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DOI：
10.7554/elife.12217
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发表时间：
2016-04-15
期刊：
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Vincent AL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lewis NS;Russell CA;Langat P;Anderson TK;Berger K;Bielejec F;Burke DF;Dudas G;Fonville JM;Fouchier RA;Kellam P;Koel BF;Lemey P;Nguyen T;Nuansrichy B;Peiris JM;Saito T;Simon G;Skepner E;Takemae N;ESNIP3 consortium;Webby RJ;Van Reeth K;Brookes SM;Larsen L;Watson SJ;Brown IH;Vincent AL
猪流感给全世界的猪群带来了巨大的疾病负担，并对人类构成了潜在的大流行威胁。由于病毒频繁从人类和鸟类引入，加上全球猪群的地理隔离，在猪中传播的H1和H3流感病毒具有相当大的多样性。这种多样性的大部分特征在于遗传，但这些病毒的抗原多样性知之甚少。至关重要的是，抗原多样性决定了猪流感病毒在动物流行和大流行潜力方面的风险状况。在这里，使用最全面的一套猪流感病毒抗原数据汇编日期，我们量化的抗原多样性的猪流感病毒在多大洲的规模。最近在世界不同地区流行的病毒的抗原多样性增加了猪的流动风险特征的复杂性和人类猪源性感染的可能性。DOI：http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.001流感病毒，通常称为流感，每年感染数百万人和动物，偶尔会引起人类大流行。免疫系统可以通过识别病毒表面的蛋白质（一般称为抗原）来中和流感病毒。这些抗原随着流感病毒的进化而改变，以逃避免疫系统的检测。这些变化往往相对较小，因此暴露于一种流感病毒产生的免疫力对其他相关流感病毒仍然有效。然而，随着时间的推移，这些小变化的积累可能会导致更大的差异，使得先前的感染不再提供针对新病毒的保护。甲型流感病毒感染多种鸟类和哺乳动物。病毒也可以从一个物种传播到另一个物种，这可能导致引入具有对受体物种来说是新的抗原的病毒，并有可能导致大规模爆发。猪流感病毒一直被认为是人类大流行病毒的潜在风险，是2009年H1N1大流行病毒的来源。重要的是，人类经常将流感病毒传播给猪。了解这种双向传播的动态和后果对于设计有效的策略来检测和应对新的流感菌株非常重要。H1和H3亚型的甲型流感病毒在猪中广泛传播。然而，人们对在不同地区传播的猪病毒和人病毒之间的密切关系以及不同病毒之间的抗原差异程度知之甚少。刘易斯、Russell等人现在已经分析了来自多个大陆的猪的数百种H1和H3病毒的抗原变异。最近猪流感病毒的抗原多样性类似于过去40年在人类中观察到的H1和H3病毒的多样性。驱动猪中H1和H3病毒多样性的一个关键因素是人类病毒频繁引入猪。相比之下，只有一种来自禽类的流感病毒在很大程度上促成了猪的抗原多样性。一旦进入猪体内，人源流感病毒继续进化其抗原。这导致了流感病毒的巨大多样性，这些病毒可以传播给其他猪，也可以传播给人类。这些流感病毒可能对公共卫生构成严重威胁，因为它们不再与目前的人类流感病毒株相似。这些发现不仅对开发猪流感疫苗具有重要意义，而且还为制定更有效的监测和疾病控制策略以防止新流感变种的传播提供了信息。DOI：http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.002网站
Swine influenza presents a substantial disease burden for pig populations worldwide and poses a potential pandemic threat to humans. There is considerable diversity in both H1 and H3 influenza viruses circulating in swine due to the frequent introductions of viruses from humans and birds coupled with geographic segregation of global swine populations. Much of this diversity is characterized genetically but the antigenic diversity of these viruses is poorly understood. Critically, the antigenic diversity shapes the risk profile of swine influenza viruses in terms of their epizootic and pandemic potential. Here, using the most comprehensive set of swine influenza virus antigenic data compiled to date, we quantify the antigenic diversity of swine influenza viruses on a multi-continental scale. The substantial antigenic diversity of recently circulating viruses in different parts of the world adds complexity to the risk profiles for the movement of swine and the potential for swine-derived infections in humans. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.001 Influenza viruses, commonly called flu, infect millions of people and animals every year and occasionally causes pandemics in humans. The immune system can neutralise flu viruses by recognising the proteins on the virus surface, generically referred to as antigens. These antigens change as flu viruses evolve to escape detection by the immune system. These changes tend to be relatively small such that exposure to one flu virus generates immunity that is still effective against other related flu viruses. However, over time, the accumulation of these small changes can result in larger differences such that prior infections no longer provide protection against the new virus. Influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of birds and mammals. Viruses can also transmit from one species to another, which may result in the introduction of viruses with antigens that are new to the recipient species and which have the potential to cause substantial outbreaks. Pig flu viruses have long been considered to be a potential risk for human pandemic viruses and were the source of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Importantly, humans often transmit flu viruses to pigs. Understanding the dynamics and consequences of this two-way transmission is important for designing effective strategies to detect and respond to new strains of flu. Influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtypes circulate widely in pigs. However, it was poorly understood how closely related swine and human viruses circulating in different regions were to one another and how much the antigens varied between the different viruses. Lewis, Russell et al. have now analysed the antigenic variation of hundreds of H1 and H3 viruses from pigs on multiple continents. The antigenic diversity of recent swine flu viruses resembles the diversity of H1 and H3 viruses observed in humans over the last 40 years. A key factor driving the diversity of the H1 and H3 viruses in pigs is the frequent introduction of human viruses to pigs. In contrast, only one flu virus from a bird had contributed to the observed antigenic diversity in pigs in a substantial way. Once in pigs, human-derived flu viruses continue to evolve their antigens. This results in a tremendous diversity of flu viruses that can be transmitted to other pigs and also to humans. These flu viruses could pose a serious risk to public health because they are no longer similar to the current human flu strains. These findings have important implications not only for developing flu vaccines for pigs but also for informing the development of more-effective surveillance and disease-control strategies to prevent the spread of new flu variants. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.002