The paradigm of 'risk and protection-focused prevention' and its impact on services for children and families
The paradigm of 'risk and protection-focused prevention' and its impact on services for children and families
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“以风险和保护为重点的预防”范式及其对儿童和家庭服务的影响
DOI：
10.1002/chi.870
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
D. Utting
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Utting
1999年，该杂志通过其特刊（第13卷第4期）开始讨论为儿童及其家庭提供预防服务的扩大、发展和增长问题。人们认识到，在即将上任的工党政府领导下，预防已成为有关儿童及其家庭的新政策和倡议的一个主要特点（Parton和Pugh，1999年）。例如，Glass（1999）当时是财政部的一名高级官员，负责监督为贫困社区4岁以下儿童实施的“扎实起步”计划，他回顾了该计划的历史。他介绍了1997年政府第一次跨部门全面支出审查如何产生的，并成为解决儿童贫困和长期社会排斥问题的国家政策的一个关键组成部分。政府各部门随后也取得了其他进展：例如，内政部在其减少犯罪方案中列入了一个名为“跟踪”的早期干预方案。还设立了一个儿童基金，为被认为今后有社会问题“危险”的5至13岁儿童提供服务，由儿童和青年股管理。此后，该股和扎实起步方案都成为教育和技能部新设立的儿童、青年和家庭局的一部分，在政策重点转变之前，预防往往是为儿童和家庭提供服务的一个边缘组成部分，尽管对预防的重视程度各不相同（Freeman，1999年）。1989年《儿童法》要求地方社会服务当局将其对处于危机中的家庭的儿童保护工作与对“有需要”儿童的家庭的预防工作结合起来。然而，正如Tunstill（1997年）所指出的那样，1990年代的稀缺资源和对“需要”的模糊定义使立法变成了配给服务的工具，而不是提供更好的支持。虽然预防性服务的范围有所扩大，但接受这些服务的家庭大多是那些子女已经
In 1999 this Journal opened up, through its Special Issue (Volume 13 No. 4), a discussion about the expansion, development and growth of prevention services for children and their families. It was recognised that under the incoming Labour Government prevention had become a major feature of new policies and initiatives concerning children and their families (Parton and Pugh, 1999). For example, Glass (1999), then a senior Treasury official overseeing introduction of the Sure Start initiative for children under four in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, reviewed its history. He described how it emerged from the Government’s first cross-departmental Comprehensive Spending Review in 1997 and became a key component of national policy for tackling child poverty and longer-term social exclusion. Other developments followed from different government departments: for example, the Home Office included an early intervention programme called On Track in its Crime Reduction Programme. A Children’s Fund was also established, to pay for services for children aged five to 13 considered to be ‘at risk’of later social problems, administered by a Children and Young People’s Unit. Both the Unit and Sure Start have since been made part of a new Children, Young People and Families Directorate at the Department for Education and Skills (DfES).Until this switch of policy focus, prevention tended to be a marginal component of service provision for children and families, although the value placed upon it varied (Freeman, 1999). The 1989 Children Act placed requirements on local social service authorities to combine their child protection work with families in crisis with preventive work with the families of children ‘in need’. Yet, as Tunstill (1997) argued, a combination of scarce resources in the 1990s and a vague definition of ‘need’turned the legislation into an instrument for rationing services, rather than furnishing better support. While the range of preventive services increased, the families receiving them were mostly those whose children had already