Mobility as a Services (MaaS) – does it have critical mass?
Mobility as a Services (MaaS) – does it have critical mass?
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移动即服务 (MaaS) – 它是否具有临界质量？
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发表时间：
2017
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通讯作者：
C. Mulley
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作者：
C. Mulley
城市是国家的动力源泉。家庭和企业的密集集中增加了可达性和生产力，最终实现了集聚经济。随着城市的发展以及全球城市人口的增长，城市在空间上变得更加分散，旅行成为必需品。如果不加以控制，拥堵将持续下去，最终会削弱集聚的好处（Graham，2007）。预计未来城市面积将继续增长，如何减少拥堵并保持集聚效益？交通运输带来了显着的负面外部影响——噪音、空气污染和拥堵。现代交通实践日益损害现有人口的福祉。也许更重要的是，我们今天的出行方式正在限制和损害子孙后代的环境。气候变化很大程度上（或完全？）是由人类活动驱动的，而交通运输也有很大影响。例如，澳大利亚的交通部门占澳大利亚温室气体排放量的 16%，其中轻型车辆占最大份额，占 10%（气候变化管理局，2014 年，第 17 页）。澳大利亚的表现可能比其他发达国家差，因为道路交通份额较大，铁路货运份额非常低，而且车辆效率相对较低（气候变化管理局，2014 年，第 18 页）。然而，其他国家的运输部门对可持续发展成果也做出了类似的负面贡献。大多数城市已经摆脱了预测和提供的心态，即通过扩大道路网络来满足拥堵循环，然后道路网络充满了因任何减少拥堵的承诺而“兴奋”的额外交通。在大多数发达国家，修建新道路现在遭到了一些人的冷嘲热讽，特别是当其动机是为了减少拥堵时。对于许多城市来说，增长-拥堵-解决拥堵的循环不太可能通过道路建设来解决。随着时间的推移，我们肯定会耗尽空间，甚至资源、政治必要性和文化欣赏力。要结束拥堵稀释集聚的恶性循环，需要以新的方式思考城市的通行问题。技术的进步有望推动新的运输模式的发展。虽然许多人认为技术正在推动变革，但这篇社论认为技术能够推动变革。有时这一过程很快，有时很慢，但当正确的技术在正确的时间结合在一起时，通常会带来戏剧性的效果。例如，Gao、Kaas、Moh 和 Wee（2016）认为，经济正在发生变化，消费者对所有权的偏好正在发生变化（更多内容见下文），而数字化、自动化程度的提高和新的商业模式正在彻底改变行业，并最终影响汽车的使用方式。 Lyons（2016）探讨了“智能”（反映新数字机遇的术语）与城市可持续发展之间的联系。然而，就这篇社论而言，讨论的重点是技术如何影响我们对模式的选择，以及自动驾驶的潜在影响与我们城市提高可持续性的需求相关。城市出行的新流行词之一是“出行即服务”或 MaaS。 MaaS 是一种技术支持的移动管理服务，其中集成了客户界面和业务后台。 MaaS 的概念认识到了
Cities are the powerhouses of nations. Dense concentrations of households and businesses increase accessibility and productivity, which ultimately deliver agglomeration economies. As cities grow, and globally the urban population is set to grow, cities become more spatially dispersed, and travel becomes a necessity. Left unchecked, congestion continues and this eventually dilutes the benefits of agglomeration (Graham, 2007). With urban area growth forecast to continue into the future, how can congestion be curtailed and the benefits of agglomeration maintained? Transport contributes significant negative externalities – noise, air pollution and congestion. Contemporary transport practices increasingly compromise the well-being of existing populations. Perhaps more importantly, the way we travel today is constraining and compromising the environment of generations still to come. Climate change is largely (or entirely?) driven by human activity, and transport is hugely implicated. The transport sector in Australia, for example, accounts for 16% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions, with light vehicles creating the lion’s share at 10% (Climate Change Authority, 2014, p. 17). Australia’s performance may be worse than other developed countries because of the greater share of road traffic, very low share of rail freight and the relative inefficiency of the vehicles (Climate Change Authority, 2014, p. 18). The transport sectors of other nations, however, make similar negative contributions to sustainability outcomes. Most cities have moved from the predict-and-provide mentality, whereby the cycle of congestion is met by an expansion of the road network, which then fills up with extra traffic “excited” by any promise of reduced congestion. Providing new roads in most developed countries is now met with some cynicism, particularly when the motivation is to reduce congestion. The cycle of growth – congestion – dealing with congestion, is unlikely to be cured by road building for many cities. In time we will surely run out of space, if not resources, political imperative and cultural appreciations. Putting an end to the downward spiral of congestion diluting agglomeration requires new ways of thinking about access in cities. A step change in technology promises much to sponsor new transport paradigms. Whilst many argue technology is driving change, this editorial argues that technology enables change. Sometimes this is rapid, and sometimes slow, but often it is dramatic when the right technologies come together at the right time. Gao, Kaas, Moh, and Wee (2016), for example, argues that economies are changing, consumer preferences around ownership are changing (more on this below) and digitisation, increasing automation and new business models are revolutionising industries and will eventually impact on the way in which cars are used. The connections between “smart” (a term reflective of the new digital opportunities) and urban sustainability is explored in Lyons (2016). However, for the purposes of this editorial, the discussion is focussed on the way in which technology is influencing our choice of mode, and the potential impact of autonomous driving has relevance to the need for greater sustainability in our cities. One of the new buzz words in urban mobility is “Mobility as a Service” or MaaS. MaaS is put forward as a technology-enabled Mobility Management service where the customer interface and business back office are integrated. The concept of MaaS recognises the way in which