The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times
The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times
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古典时期的加拉曼特人和跨撒哈拉企业
DOI：
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发表时间：
1967
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Adrar des Iforas
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作者：
R. Law;Adrar des Iforas
关于前阿拉伯时期跨撒哈拉接触的资料来源不多，但至少对撒哈拉中部的情况还是有了解的。沿着沿着两条穿越撒哈拉的路线排列的岩画和战车雕刻被认为是穿越沙漠的正常交通的证明。这个推论是不合理的，但文学和考古资料表明这个结论是正确的。希罗多德证实了一条从埃及向西到费赞的路线，然后显然是西南经塔西利和霍加尔到尼日尔。这条路线与撒哈拉中部的“马洛特路线”相吻合。还有一条从的黎波里塔尼亚海岸的迦太基人定居点到费赞的Garamanet的路线。迦太基从加拉曼特人进口了被称为“carbuncles”的宝石，这些宝石显然是从西南部带到费赞的。其他可能的进口是奴隶和黄金。迦太基通过海路从西非进口黄金，她沿着海岸的探险似乎受到了陆上黄金贸易的启发。但没有直接证据表明存在这种交易。公元前世纪，罗马取代迦太基控制了的黎波里塔尼亚的海岸。在公元前20年至公元86年之间，她与加拉姆人进行了一系列的战争。后来建立了友好的关系，但进一步的麻烦导致公元201年后的“的黎波里石灰”组织。从1世纪晚期到4世纪，费赞陵墓中的进口罗马材料证明了贸易的存在。有证据表明，罗马人从Garamanet进口象牙，奴隶现在直接证明。加拉姆人向北出口的商品不是来自费赞，而是来自更远的南方。文学来源提到狩猎远征和袭击南部，并发现罗马材料已被沿着的“马洛特路线”西南的费赞，远至蒂米桑。贸易随着罗马在北非统治的崩溃而结束。公元533年后，随着拜占庭的重新征服，费赞得以复兴，基督教渗透到费赞。666年，阿拉伯人占领了费赞。
The sources for pre-Arab trans-Saharan contacts are poor, but at least for the central Sahara a picture can be made out. The alignment of rock paintings and engravings of chariots along two trans-Saharari routes has been supposed to prove regular traffic across the desert. The inference is unjustified, but literary and archaeological sources indicate that the conclusion is correct. Herodotus attests the use of a route running west from Egypt to the Fezzan, then apparently south-west via Tassili and Hoggar to the Niger. This corresponds with the central Saharan ‘chariot-route’. There was also a route to the Garamantes of the Fezzan from the Punic settlements on the coast of Tripolitania. Carthage imported from the Garamantes the precious stones known as ‘carbuncles’, which were apparently brought to the Fezzan from the south-west. Other possible imports are slaves and gold. Carthage imported gold from West Africa by sea, and it seems likely that her explorations down the coast were inspired by an overland trade in gold. But there is no direct evidence for such a trade. In the second century B.C. Rome replaced Carthage in control of the coast of Tripolitania. Between 20 B.C. and A.D. 86 she fought a series of wars with the Garamantes. Later friendly relations were established, but further trouble led to the organization of the ‘limes Tripolitanus’ after A.D. 201. Trade is attested by imported Roman material in tombs of the Fezzan dating from the late first to the fourth centuries. There is evidence that the Romans imported ivory from the Garamantes, and slaves are now attested directly. The commodities exported north by the Garamantes came not from the Fezzan, but from farther south. Literary sources refer to hunting expeditions and raids to the south, and finds of Roman material have been made along the ‘chariot-route’ south-west of the Fezzan as far as Ti-m-Missao. Trade ended with the collapse of Roman rule in North Africa. It was revived with the Byzantine reconquest after A.D. 533, and Christianity penetrated to the Fezzan. In 666 the Arabs overran the Fezzan.