A Micro-Geography of State Extractive Power: the Case of Rural China
A Micro-Geography of State Extractive Power: the Case of Rural China
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DOI：
10.1007/s12116-016-9228-4
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发表时间：
2016-09
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Daniel Koss;H. Sato
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Daniel Koss;H. Sato
本文认为，地理是必不可少的，以解释次国家的变化，在提取权力。为了在其广阔的领域行使权力，政府需要一个基础设施来访问更多的外围社区。但当统治者克服了距离的问题时，他们发现了距离的挑战，因为当地人影响国家代理人并破坏国家自治。通过研究中国地方政府在其管辖范围内的不均衡，我们证明了中国农村提取的微观变化，包括货币和非货币征税，为权力的微观地理提供了一个难得的窗口。地理距离仍然阻碍着向极其偏远的地方投射攫取性权力，但地理上的接近已成为行使权力的更大制约。地方政府受到邻近地区的压力，牺牲了那些生活在中间距离的不幸公民的利益：他们仍然在国家的范围内，但已经太远了，无法让国家对他们有利。在中国，组织距离的影响主要是通过共产党来调节的，这种影响同样具有二重性：政党网络缓解了阻碍世界各地农村税收的信息不对称问题，但政党网络由赞助人维持，因此危及国家自主权。
This article argues that geography is essential to explain subnational variation in extractive power. To exercise power over the expanse of their realm, governments need an infrastructure to access even more peripheral communities. But as rulers overcome the problems of distance, they discover the challenges of proximity, because locals influence state agents and undermine state autonomy. Studying the uneven reach of Chinese local governments within their jurisdictions, we demonstrate that micro-variation of extraction in rural China, including monetary and non-monetary levies, provides a rare window onto the micro-geography of power. Physical distance still obstructs extractive power projection into extremely remote places, but physical proximity has become a greater constraint for the exercise of power. Local governments are pressured by their immediate neighborhood, at the expense of less fortunate citizens, who live at intermediate distances: still within the reach of the state, but already too far away to turn the state to their favor. The effect of organizational distance, which in China is mediated primarily through the Communist Party, is similarly dualistic: Party networks alleviate asymmetric information problems, which hamper rural taxation around the world, but party networks are sustained by patronage and therefore jeopardize state autonomy.