Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress - Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load
Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress - Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08103.x
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Seeman, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McEwen, BS;Seeman, T
压力是人类生存的条件，也是疾病表现的一个因素。对压力的更广泛的看法是，造成损失的不仅仅是剧烈的压力事件，而是日常生活中的许多事件都会提高生理系统的活动，从而造成某种程度的磨损。我们将这种磨损称为“非稳态负荷”，它不仅反映了生活经历的影响，还反映了遗传负荷的影响。反映饮食、锻炼和药物滥用等项目的个人习惯；以及决定终生行为模式和生理反应的发展经历（参见 McEwen(1)）。与压力和调节负荷相关的激素在短期内可以保护身体并促进适应，但从长远来看，调节负荷会导致身体发生变化，从而导致疾病，这将通过免疫系统和大脑来说明。最有效的压力源是同一物种动物之间竞争性相互作用产生的压力源，导致优势等级的形成。这种类型的社会心理压力不仅会损害低等动物的认知功能，而且还会促进那些争夺主导地位的动物患上疾病（例如动脉粥样硬化）。人类社会的社会秩序也与疾病梯度相关，随着反映收入和教育的社会经济地位规模的下降，死亡率和发病率不断增加。尽管这些健康梯度的原因非常复杂，但它们很可能反映出，随着量表低端频率的增加，应对有限资源和负面生活事件的累积负担，以及这种负担对涉及应对和适应的生理系统造成的非稳态负荷。
Stress is a condition of human existence and a factor in the expression of disease. A broader view of stress is that it is not just the dramatic stressful events that exact their toll but rather the many events of daily life that elevate activities of physiological systems to cause some measure of wear and tear. We call this wear and tear "allostatic load," and it reflects not only the impact of life experiences but also of genetic load; individual habits reflecting items such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse; and developmental experiences that set life-long patterns of behavior and physiological reactivity (see McEwen(1)). Hormones associated with stress and allostatic load protect the body in the short run and promote adaptation, but in the long run allostatic Load causes changes in the body that lead to disease, This will be illustrated for the immune system and brain. Among the most potent of stressors are those arising from competitive interactions between animals of the same species, leading to the formation of dominance hierarchies. Psychosocial stress of this type not only impairs cognitive function of lower ranking animals, but it can also promote disease (e.g. atherosclerosis) among those vying for the dominant position. Social ordering in human society is also associated with gradients of disease, with an increasing frequency of mortality and morbidity as one descends the scale of socioeconomic status that reflects both income and education. Although the causes of these gradients of health are very complex, they are likely to reflect, with increasing frequency at the lower end of the scale, the cumulative burden of coping with limited resources and negative life events and the allostatic load that this burden places on the physiological systems involved in coping and adaptation.