Soviet Patriotism and its Discontents among Higher Education Students in Khrushchev-Era Russia and Ukraine
Soviet Patriotism and its Discontents among Higher Education Students in Khrushchev-Era Russia and Ukraine
复制标题
赫鲁晓夫时代俄罗斯和乌克兰的苏联爱国主义及其大学生的不满情绪
DOI：
10.1080/00905990902865557
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Benjamin Tromly
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benjamin Tromly
什么是苏联爱国主义？1953年苏联意识形态机构对这个词的定义--“一种社会的、历史条件下的对祖国的爱的感觉”--提出的问题比回答的问题多。爱国主义是一个与经典马克思主义格格不入的概念;事实上，这个概念和相应的“苏联人民”一词沿着，直到20世纪30年代中期才被广泛使用，当时苏联政府不再把阶级作为与社会互动的主导范式。苏联的爱国主义与民族主义之间的关系，是20世纪欧洲的主要政治认同，在意识形态上也充满了忧虑。在苏联的词汇中，爱国主义与民族主义（nationalizm）有着明显的区别。第一个是指对一个符合启蒙、正义和民主等普遍价值观的社区的健康忠诚;第二个是资产阶级用来误导工人阶级的沙文主义和反动意识形态。尽管如此，苏联的爱国主义是超国家的，而不是反国家的，因为它“和谐地结合”了不同苏联民族的民族传统和“苏联所有劳动人民的共同的根本利益”。作为阶级认同的替代品和所谓的种族差异的调和者，爱国主义是苏联官方话语中的一个关键类别。然而，试图进一步探索这一范畴的学者却陷入了概念上的空白。很少有人深入地质疑这个词--也许这是一个疏忽，反映了俄罗斯在改革和后苏联时代的政治格局，当时“爱国主义”一词被保守派、中央集权主义和民族主义政治力量所吸收。正确强调民族在苏联历史上重要性的学者很少认真对待超民族的苏联爱国主义思想。杰弗里·霍斯金（Geoffrey Hosking）最近对苏联俄罗斯人的研究表明，民族国家是唯一想象中的社区，可以在像苏联这样的帝国主义，多民族国家中获得公众支持。然而，这种做法并不令人满意。苏联人的生活中充斥着爱国主义的言论，更不用说苏联在动员公民方面取得的巨大成功，这让人们对苏联爱国主义是一个空洞的类别或仅仅是国家的掩护的想法产生了怀疑。但并非只有国籍专家忽视了
What was Soviet patriotism? A definition of the term offered by the Soviet ideological apparatus in 1953—a “social, historically conditioned feeling of love for one’s motherland”—raises more questions than it answers. Patriotism was a concept foreign to classical Marxism; indeed, the concept, along with the corresponding term “the Soviet people,” entered mass usage only in the mid-1930s, when the Soviet government moved away from class as the dominant paradigm for interacting with its society. The relationship of Soviet patriotism to nationalism, the predominant political identity in twentieth-century Europe, was also ideologically fraught. Patriotism was sharply distinguished from nationalism (natsionalizm) in the Soviet lexicon. The first referred to a healthy allegiance to a community that was consistent with universal values of enlightenment, justice and democracy; the second was a jingoistic and reactionary ideology utilized by the bourgeoisie to mislead the working class. Despite this distinction, Soviet patriotism was supra-national, not anti-national, as it “harmoniously combined” the national traditions of the different Soviet nations with “the common, fundamental interests of all working people in the USSR.” A surrogate for class identity and an alleged reconciler of ethnic differences, patriotism was a critical category in official Soviet discourse. Yet the scholar who seeks to explore the category further steps into a conceptual void. Few have interrogated the term in depth—perhaps an oversight reflecting the political landscape of Russia in the perestroika and post-Soviet eras, when the word “patriotism” was coopted by conservative, statist and nationalist political forces. Scholarship that correctly stresses the importance of ethnicity in Soviet history has rarely taken seriously the idea of supra-ethnic Soviet patriotism. Geoffrey Hosking’s recent study of the Russians in the USSR suggests that the ethnic nation was the only imagined community that could garner public support in an imperial, multi-ethnic state like the USSR. Yet such an approach is not satisfactory. The very saturation of Soviet life with patriotic talk—not to mention the considerable success of the Soviet Union in mobilizing its citizenry—casts doubt on the idea that Soviet patriotism was an empty category or a mere cover for the nation. But specialists in nationality are not alone in neglecting