Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995
Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995
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DOI：
10.1021/es990234m
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发表时间：
1999-12-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Zogorski, JS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Squillace, PJ;Moran, MJ;Zogorski, JS
作为美国地质调查局国家水质评估计划的一部分，根据1985年至1995年期间从2948口威尔斯井中收集的样本，对美国接壤地区未经处理的环境地下水中的60种挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）进行了评估。这些样本代表城市和农村地区以及饮用水和非饮用水威尔斯。使用的报告水平为0.2微克/升，但1，2-二溴-3-氯丙烷除外，其报告水平为1.0微克/升。由于以环境地下水为目标，已知点源污染的地区被排除在评估之外。挥发性有机化合物浓度普遍较低; 56%的浓度低于1微克/升。在城市地区，47%的威尔斯采样井中至少有一种挥发性有机化合物，29%的采样井中有两种或两种以上挥发性有机化合物;此外，6.4%的采样威尔斯和2.5%的采样饮用水威尔斯超过了美国环境保护局的饮用水标准。在农村地区，14%的抽样威尔斯井至少有一种挥发性有机化合物;此外，1.5%的抽样井和1.3%的抽样饮用水威尔斯井超过了饮用水标准。溶剂化合物和燃料中的甲基叔丁基醚是城市和农村地区最常检测到的VOCs。据确定，在未经处理的地下水中发现挥发性有机化合物的概率可以估计的逻辑回归模型的基础上，使用人口密度作为解释变量。虽然这个全国规模的模型有局限性，但它拟合了用于模型开发的2354口威尔斯井的数据，并充分估计了用于模型验证的589口威尔斯井样本中的VOC含量。模型估计表明，美国7%（基于一个标准误差为6-9%）的环境地下水资源可能含有至少一种挥发性有机化合物，报告水平为0.2微克/升。这些地区有4200万人使用地下水（根据一个标准误差为3500万至5000万人）;然而，由于成品饮用水的质量通常是未知的，因此人类对环境地下水中挥发性有机化合物的暴露是不确定的。
As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, an assessment of 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in untreated, ambient groundwater of the conterminous United States was conducted based on samples collected from 2948 wells between 1985 and 1995. The samples represent urban and rural areas and drinking-water and nondrinking-water wells. A reporting level of 0.2 mu g/L was used with the exception of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, which had a reporting level of 1.0 mu g/L. Because ambient groundwater was targeted, areas of known point-source contamination were excluded from this assessment. VOC concentrations generally were low; 56% of the concentrations were less than 1 mu g/L In urban areas, 47% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC, and 29% had two or more VOCs; furthermore, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 6.4% of all sampled wells and in 2.5% of the sampled drinking-water wells. In rural areas, 14% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC; furthermore, drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 1.5% of all sampled welts and in 1.3% of the sampled drinking-water wells. Solvent compounds and the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyt ether were among the most frequently detected VOCs in urban and rural areas. It was determined that the probability of finding VOCs in untreated groundwater can be estimated on the basis of a logistic regression model by using population density as an explanatory variable. Although there are limitations to this national scale model, it fit the data from 2354 wells used for model development and adequately estimated the VOC presence in samples from 589 wells used for model validation. Model estimates indicate that 7% (6-9% on the basis of one standard error) of the ambient groundwater resources of the United States probably contain at least one VOC at a reporting level of 0.2 mu g/L. Groundwater is used in these areas by 42 million people (35-50 million based on one standard error); however, human exposure to VOCs from this ambient groundwater is uncertain because the quality of the finished drinking water is generally unknown.