Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body.
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body.
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益生菌在肠道炎症中的抗炎和免疫调节作用：通往身体的大门。
DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Francavilla R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cristofori F;Dargenio VN;Dargenio C;Miniello VL;Barone M;Francavilla R
作为数百万微生物的宿主，消化道是细菌定植的主要和最重要的部分。一方面，在机会性入侵的情况下，肠道组织内丰富的细菌种群可能面临潜在的健康问题，如炎症和感染。因此，免疫系统已经进化到维持宿主-微生物群的共生关系。另一方面，为了维持宿主免疫稳态，肠道菌群往往发挥着不可忽视的免疫调节功能。一个非常令人感兴趣的领域是微生物群或益生菌与免疫系统有关临床应用的关联。这种微生物群落调节宿主的一些代谢和生理功能，并推动生命早期免疫系统的成熟，促进其一生的体内平衡。肠道菌群的变化可以通过功能、组成的改变（生态失调）或微生物与宿主的相互作用发生。对动物和人类的研究表明，益生菌对免疫和炎症机制的调节具有关键作用；然而，精确的机制尚未得到很好的定义。饮食、年龄、身体质量指数（BMI）、药物和压力可能会混淆益生菌摄入的好处。除了宿主肠道功能（渗透性和生理）外，所有这些药物对肠道微生物组的组成都有深远的影响。使用益生菌可以改善肠道微生物数量，增加粘液分泌，并通过减少脂多糖（lps）的数量来防止紧密连接蛋白的破坏。当LPS将内皮细胞与toll样受体（tlr2,4）结合时，树突状细胞和巨噬细胞被激活，炎症标志物增加。此外，益生菌治疗后肠道失调和肠漏的减少可能会最大限度地减少炎症生物标志物的发展，并减弱免疫系统不必要的激活。反过来，益生菌促进t细胞对Th2的分化和Th2细胞因子如IL-4和IL-10的发育。本文从生物学合理性的一般角度出发，探讨肠道菌群/益生菌与免疫系统之间的相互作用，以获得基于益生菌的方法的体外和体内演示，以及新治疗策略的可能用途。
Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host–microbiota symbiotic relationship. On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some of the host’s metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota–host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies.