Appendix 2C. The human security approach to direct and structural violence
Appendix 2C. The human security approach to direct and structural violence
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附录 2C。
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
A. Schnabel
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作者：
A. Schnabel
在 SIPRI 2007 年鉴中，伊丽莎白·斯科恩斯 (Elisabeth Sköns) 认为，安全保障的预期目标与当前预防集体暴力的重点之间存在明显脱节，集体暴力导致大量人员死亡和痛苦。1 在同一版本的年鉴中，迈克尔·布尔佐斯卡 (Michael Brzoska) 呼吁扩大集体暴力和武装冲突的传统类别。2 本附录以他们的论点为基础。在探讨暴力和不安全的原因和后果时，还必须考虑那些造成人类伤亡并影响社会稳定的威胁——其中许多威胁既不属于武装冲突也不属于集体暴力的范畴。许多此类威胁都是“结构性暴力”的后果。人类安全方法可以涵盖这些威胁和直接暴力，以进行分析和缓解。如果个人和社区感到安全并受到保护，免受来自直接和结构性暴力的威胁（也就是说，如果他们的基本人类安全得到保障），那么个人层面的人类苦难以及社区、区域和国际层面的冲突和暴力就可以大大减少。 3相反，侵犯个人和社区的人类基本需求会导致人类痛苦以及社会和社区恶化，从而导致更多直接和结构性表现形式的暴力。这反过来又使人类需求长期受到挫败。4 打破这种循环关系取决于减少或避免暴力从而提供人类安全的能力。本附录第二节定义了“直接”暴力和“结构性”暴力，并探讨了人类安全概念在解决这两个问题方面的效用。第三节将武装暴力确定为这两类暴力的独特催化剂。第四节建议如何设计人类安全驱动的威胁和缓解分析，以帮助更适当和更有效地识别和应对直接暴力和结构性暴力。结论载于第五节。
In SIPRI Yearbook 2007 Elisabeth Sköns argues that there is a clear disconnection between the intended objective of security provision and its current focus on the prevention of collective violence, which leads to much human death and suffering.1 In the same edition of the Yearbook, Michael Brzoska calls for the traditional categories of collective violence and armed conflict to be augmented.2 This appendix builds on their arguments. In exploring the causes and consequences of violence and insecurity, consideration must also be given to those threats that are the main causes of death and injury of humans and affect the stability of a society—many of which do not fit into either the category of armed conflict or that of collective violence. Many such threats are the consequence of ‘structural violence’. A human security approach can encompass these threats and direct violence for both analysis and mitigation. If individuals and communities feel secure and protected from the threats that emanate from direct and structural violence—that is, if their basic human security is guaranteed—then human suffering on an individual level and conflict and violence on communal, regional and international levels can be significantly reduced.3 In contrast, violation of the basic human needs of individuals and communities leads to human suffering and social and communal deterioration, and therefore to more violence in its direct and structural manifestations. This, in turn, perpetuates the frustration of human needs.4 Breaking this cyclical relationship hinges on the ability to reduce or avoid violence and thus provide human security. Section II of this appendix defines ‘direct’ and ‘structural’ violence and explores the utility of the human security concept in addressing both. Section III identifies armed violence as a unique catalyst of both types of violence. Section IV suggests how to design human security-driven threat and mitigation analyses that help identify and respond to both direct and structural violence more appropriately and effectively. The conclusions are presented in section V.