Vaccine Adjuvants: from 1920 to 2015 and Beyond.
Vaccine Adjuvants: from 1920 to 2015 and Beyond.
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DOI：
10.3390/vaccines3020320
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发表时间：
2015-04-16
期刊：
影响因子：
7.8
通讯作者：
Garçon N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Di Pasquale A;Preiss S;Tavares Da Silva F;Garçon N
刺激人体免疫反应的概念是疫苗接种的基础。疫苗通过启动先天免疫反应和激活抗原呈递细胞（APCs），从而诱导对病原体抗原的保护性适应性免疫反应。佐剂是添加到疫苗中的物质，以增强免疫刺激能力不足的高度纯化抗原的免疫原性，已经在人类疫苗中使用了90多年。虽然早期的佐剂（铝、水浸油乳剂）是凭经验使用的，但关于免疫系统如何与病原体相互作用的知识迅速增加，意味着人们对佐剂的作用以及现代疫苗的配方如何更好地适应所需的临床效益有了更多的了解。对含有佐剂/佐剂系统的已获许可疫苗的持续安全性评估表明，它们的个体获益-风险状况仍然有利。佐剂有助于抗原诱导的先天免疫反应的启动；例如，在注射部位的炎症反应，大多是局部和短暂的影响。激活的效应器（如apc）然后移动到引流淋巴结，在那里它们指导适应性免疫反应的类型、大小和质量。因此，抗原和佐剂的正确匹配可以增强下游适应性免疫反应，使开发新的有效疫苗成为可能。许多具有世界意义的传染病目前还不能通过接种疫苗来预防。佐剂是针对具有挑战性的病原体和对传统疫苗反应不佳的脆弱人群寻找新疫苗的最先进的新技术。
The concept of stimulating the body’s immune response is the basis underlying vaccination. Vaccines act by initiating the innate immune response and activating antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby inducing a protective adaptive immune response to a pathogen antigen. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified antigens that have insufficient immunostimulatory capabilities, and have been used in human vaccines for more than 90 years. While early adjuvants (aluminum, oil-in-water emulsions) were used empirically, rapidly increasing knowledge on how the immune system interacts with pathogens means that there is increased understanding of the role of adjuvants and how the formulation of modern vaccines can be better tailored towards the desired clinical benefit. Continuing safety evaluation of licensed vaccines containing adjuvants/adjuvant systems suggests that their individual benefit-risk profile remains favorable. Adjuvants contribute to the initiation of the innate immune response induced by antigens; exemplified by inflammatory responses at the injection site, with mostly localized and short-lived effects. Activated effectors (such as APCs) then move to draining lymph nodes where they direct the type, magnitude and quality of the adaptive immune response. Thus, the right match of antigens and adjuvants can potentiate downstream adaptive immune responses, enabling the development of new efficacious vaccines. Many infectious diseases of worldwide significance are not currently preventable by vaccination. Adjuvants are the most advanced new technology in the search for new vaccines against challenging pathogens and for vulnerable populations that respond poorly to traditional vaccines.