Introduction: controversies in the study of koines and koineization
Introduction: controversies in the study of koines and koineization
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引言：共音和共音化研究中的争议
DOI：
10.1515/ijsl.1993.99.5
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发表时间：
1993
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Siegel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Siegel
在社会语言学中使用的所有不精确术语中，“共通词”可能因其解释种类最多而获奖。正如本期的几篇文章指出的那样，该术语源自希腊语 koine，意思是“通用”，指的是在希腊化时期成为东地中海通用语言或共同语言的希腊语变体（Thomson 1960：34）。希腊语 koine 主要基于阿提卡方言，但也具有其他地区方言（如 lonic）的语言特征。然而，它在音韵学和形态学的某些领域不像任何有贡献的方言那么复杂。通用语主要作为第二语言或方言使用，但在某些地区确实有以它为母语的社区。它最终被标准化并用于书写，并成为马其顿帝国的官方语言（Thomson 1960：35）。此后，“koine”（或“koine”或“koine”）一词已被应用于许多其他与原始希腊语“koine”具有某些特征的语言。 （在 Siegel [1985] 中，我从文献中列出了 40 多个假定的“共通语”。）一些作者关注功能方面，并将共通语定义为区域通用语。例如，Petyt（1980：25）说“共通”一词指的是“不同方言的人们共享的一种言语形式”，并举了通俗拉丁语为例。这是流行社会语言学教科书中给出的定义（Wardhaugh 1986：37）。最近的另一本社会语言学教科书（Fasold 1990）将 koines 简单地定义为“贸易语言”（1990：187）。然而，其他作者则强调标准化的方面。例如，Hartmann 和 Stork (1973: 123) 将 koine 定义为“一种口语方言，成为政治上统一的地区的共同标准语言”，并以印地语为例。还有一些作家也关注原始希腊通用语的语言方面。例如，迪拉德（Dillard，1972：302）说，“通用语是一种‘普通’方言的术语，它缺乏该语言中更传统方言的突出特征。它是方言均衡化的最终结果。” Graff (1932: xxxvii) 将 koine 定义为“一种语言形式
Of all the imprecise terms used in sociolinguistics, "koine" may win the prize for the widest variety of interpretations. As several of the articles in this issue point out, the term comes from the Greek word koine meaning 'common', referring to the variety of Greek that became the lingua franca, or common language, of the eastern Mediterranean during the Hellenistic period (Thomson 1960: 34). The Greek koine was based mainly on the Attic dialect but had linguistic features of other regional dialects such äs lonic. However, it was less complex in certain areas of phonology and morphology than any contributing dialect. The koine was spoken mainly äs a second language or dialect, but in some areas it did have communities of native Speakers. It was eventually standardized and used for writing and became the official language of the Macedonian empire (Thomson 1960: 35). The term koine (or koine or koine) has since been applied to many other languages that share certain features with the original Greek koine. (In Siegel [1985], I listed over 40 supposed "koines" from the literature.) Some writers focus on the functional aspects and define a koine äs a regional lingua franca. For example, Petyt (1980: 25) says that the term koine refers to "a form of speech shared by people of different vernaculars" and gives Vulgär Latin äs one example. This is a definition given in a populär sociolinguistics textbook (Wardhaugh 1986: 37). Another recent sociolinguistics textbook (Fasold 1990) defines koines äs simply "trade languages" (1990: 187). Other writers, however, emphasize the aspect of standardization; for example, Hartmann and Stork (1973: 123) define a koine äs "a spoken dialect which becomes the common Standard language for a politically unified region" and give Hindi äs an example. Still other writers focus on the linguistic aspects of the original Greek koine äs well. For example, Dillard (1972: 302) says, "Koine is the term for a 'common' dialect which lacks prominent features of the more conventional dialects of the language. It is the end result of dialect levelling." And Graff (1932: xxxvii) defines a koine äs "a form of language