The early design stage for building renovation with a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal façade (LHP-STF) heat pump water heating system: techno-economic analysis in three European climates
The early design stage for building renovation with a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal façade (LHP-STF) heat pump water heating system: techno-economic analysis in three European climates
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.034
复制
发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Xingxing Zhang;Jingchun Shen;D. Adkins;Tong Yang;Llewellyn C. M. Tang;Xudong Zhao;Wei He;Peng Xu;Chenchen Liu;Huizhong Luo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xingxing Zhang;Jingchun Shen;D. Adkins;Tong Yang;Llewellyn C. M. Tang;Xudong Zhao;Wei He;Peng Xu;Chenchen Liu;Huizhong Luo
大多数建筑物的翻新计划通常在早期设计阶段就决定了。这个微妙的阶段包含了最大的机会，以实现高能源性能的建筑物翻新后。因此，重要的是从多学科和比较的角度为设计者或决策者提供相关的能源性能信息。通过技术评估和经济分析，研究了在北欧（以斯德哥尔摩为代表）、西欧（以伦敦为代表）和南欧（以马德里为代表）三个典型欧洲气候区的参考住宅建筑上安装新型环路热管太阳能热立面（LHP-STF）的改造方案。本文的目的是首先探讨LHP-STF的灵敏度方面的整体建筑的社会能源性能，其次研究LHP-STF的经济可行性，通过开发一个专门的商业模式。参考建筑模型源自美国能源部（DOE）商业建筑研究，其中建筑模型的能源数据来自ASHRAE规范和其他标准实践。财务数据来自欧洲统计局，系统成本基于制造的原型。采用投资回收期（PP）、净现值（NPV）和修正内部收益率法（IRR）等关键财务指标对LHP-STF系统在建筑物改造中的投资可行性进行了评价。该商业模式考虑了四种常见的投资选择，包括直接购买（BO），分期购买（BI），能源效率资金（EEF）和电力购买协议（PPA）。研究结果表明，LHP-STF可以贡献全年的热水负荷，大大减少了冬季的热负荷，但略有增加夏季的冷负荷。在四种投资方案中，BO被认为是最好的投资方法，具有最高的净现值，内部收益率和最短的投资回收期。关于相对有限的太阳能资源，伦敦被认为是投资的最佳地点，经济收入最高，所有购买选择的投资回收期不到四年。虽然马德里拥有最丰富的太阳能资源，但这个系统的经济利润最低，投资回收期最长。这一结果证实，可再生能源的激励措施有一个更高的影响比太阳能资源对目前的太阳能热立面技术在这样的定价基础。这项多学科的研究有望有助于在建筑翻新的早期设计阶段使用拟议系统的战略决策，并进一步促进太阳能驱动服务系统的发展，从而节省化石燃料消耗和减少碳排放。
Most of the building renovation plans are usually decided in the early design stage. This delicate phase contains the greatest opportunity to achieve the high energy performance buildings after refurbishment. It is therefore important to provide the pertinent energy performance information for the designers or decision-makers from multidisciplinary and comparative points of view. This paper investigates the renovation concept of a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal facade (LHP-STF) installed on a reference residential building by technical evaluation and economic analysis in three typical European climates, including North Europe (represented by Stockholm), West Europe (represented by London) and South Europe (represented by Madrid). The aim of this paper is firstly to explore the LHP-STF’s sensitivity with regards to the overall building socio-energy performance and secondly to study the LHP-STF’s economic feasibility by developing a dedicated business model. The reference building model was derived from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) commercial buildings research, in which the energy data for the building models were from the ASHRAE codes and other standard practices. The financial data were collected from the European statistic institute and the cost of system was based on the manufactured prototype. Several critical financial indexes were applied to evaluate the investment feasibility of the LHP-STF system in building renovation, such as Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), and the modified internal rate of return method (IRR). Four common investment options were considered in this business model, including buying outright (BO), buying by instalment (BI), energy efficiency funding (EEF) and power purchase agreement (PPA). The research results indicate that the LHP-STF could contribute to the hot water load throughout the year with substantially reduced heating load in winter, and yet a slight increased cooling load in summer. Among four investment options, the BO was considered as the best investment method with the highest NPV, IRR and the shortest payback period. With regards to relatively limited solar resources, London was found to be the best place for investment with the highest economical revenues and an attractive payback period of less than four years for all purchase options. Although Madrid has the richest solar resource, this system has the lowest economic profit and the longest payback period. This outcome confirms that the renewable energy incentives have a higher impact than solar resources on current solar thermal facade technologies under such pricing fundamentals. This multidisciplinary research is expected to be helpful for the strategic decisions at the early design stage for building renovation with the proposed system and further promote development of solar driven service system, leading to the savings in fossil fuel consumption and reduction in carbon emission.