Play and optimal welfare: Does play indicate the presence of positive affective states?
Play and optimal welfare: Does play indicate the presence of positive affective states?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.beproc.2017.11.011
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Mason, Georgia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ahloy-Dallaire, Jamie;Espinosa, Julia;Mason, Georgia
游戏通常用于评估人类和非人类动物的情感状态。玩耍似乎是最常见的，当动物被喂养得很好，而不是在任何直接威胁到健身。因此，玩耍和嬉戏是否意味着预先存在的积极情绪，从而意味着最佳的动物福利？我们通过调查促进或抑制各种物种玩耍的内部和外部条件来研究这个问题，从人类开始。我们发现，消极的情感状态和糟糕的福利通常会抑制游戏（尽管也有明显的例外，相反的情况发生）。此外，对儿童的研究表明，除了游戏的频率或总持续时间之外，这种异质性行为的定性方面（例如，在社交游戏中显示孤独;以及游戏回合的“碎片化”）也可能反映出不良的福利。令人惊讶的是，很少有关于游戏的研究是在预先存在的最佳福利或明确的高度积极的情感状态下进行的，这使得目前无法确定游戏是否可以区分最佳或良好的福利和仅仅是中性的福利。因此，这是未来研究的一个重要和令人兴奋的领域。
Play is commonly used to assess affective states in both humans and non-human animals. Play appears to be most common when animals are well-fed and not under any direct threats to fitness. Could play and playfulness therefore indicate pre-existing positive emotions, and thence optimal animal welfare? We examine this question by surveying the internal and external conditions that promote or suppress play in a variety of species, starting with humans. We find that negative affective states and poor welfare usually do suppress play (although there are notable exceptions where the opposite occurs). Furthermore, research in children suggests that beyond the frequency or total duration of play, poor welfare may additionally be reflected in qualitative aspects of this heterogeneous behaviour (e.g. display of solitary over social play; and the 'fragmentation' of play bouts) that are often overlooked in animals. There are surprisingly few studies of play in subjects with pre-existing optimal welfare or in unambiguously highly positive affective states, making it currently impossible to determine whether play can distinguish optimal or good welfare from merely neutral welfare. This therefore represents an important and exciting area for future research.