Supporting the wartime economy: imperial maritime trade and the globalised maritime trade system, 1914–1916
Supporting the wartime economy: imperial maritime trade and the globalised maritime trade system, 1914–1916
复制标题
支持战时经济：帝国海上贸易和全球化海上贸易体系，1914-1916
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Bailey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Bailey
大英帝国依靠国际贸易和金融体系生存。这些都有赖于总体和平。帝国负担不起长期的军事开支，使用军民结合和经济机制来避免军队的费用。这些要求建立一个高效的全球海上运输系统，通过密切的工业-海军和保险市场-政府-海军合作，为自由经济市场提供支持。这需要一个海军系统来保护全球海上贸易。1914年爆发的战争中断了海上贸易，需要史无前例的政府迅速干预才能重启贸易。从这次重启开始，私营的全球海上贸易体系开始扭曲，但崩溃持续了很长时间，商业体系显示出显著的弹性。帝国政府逐渐取代了基于集中控制以满足商业需求为基础的高效、灵活的海上贸易体系，以满足战时经济动员的需求。到1916年7月，这一进程已经完成，一个涉及全球和国内经济所有领域的国际行政的杰出范例得到了很好的发展。由此产生的对全球海上贸易的集中控制满足了战争经济体的多国经济需求：然而，这一广泛、复杂、多学科的事件在很大程度上仍鲜为人知。
ABSTRACT The British Empire depended on international trade and financial systems for survival. These depended on general peace. The Empire could not afford extended periods of military expenditure, using civil–military and economic mechanisms to avoid the costs of an army. These demanded an efficient global maritime transport system feeding a free economic market with close industry–navy and insurance market–government–navy cooperation. These required a naval system to protect global maritime trade. The outbreak of war in 1914 stopped maritime trade, requiring rapid unprecedented government intervention to restart it. From this restart, the privately run global maritime trade system began to distort, but collapse was protracted and the commercial system showed remarkable elasticity. The imperial government progressively replaced an efficient, fluid maritime trade system based on meeting commercial demand with centralised control to meet the demands of a mobilising war economy. By July 1916 this process was complete and a remarkable example of international administration across all areas of the global and domestic economy was well advanced. The resulting centralised control of global maritime trade fed multinational economic demands of war economies: yet this broad, complex, multidisciplinary event remains largely unknown.