Evaluating environmental modeling and sampling data with biomarker data to identify sources and routes of exposure
Evaluating environmental modeling and sampling data with biomarker data to identify sources and routes of exposure
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.12.027
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发表时间：
2013-04-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Bennett, Deborah H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shin, Hyeong-Moo;McKone, Thomas E.;Bennett, Deborah H.
环境化学品的暴露来自多种来源、环境介质和暴露途径。理想的情况是，模拟的接触应与生物监测数据进行比较。本研究比较了模拟的多环芳烃（PAHs）暴露量的大小和变化，导致排放到室外和室内的空气和估计的暴露推断的生物标志物水平。室外排放导致吸入和食物接触。我们使用美国环保署的2002年国家空气毒性评估（NATA）县级排放数据为室外吸入，食物摄入的CalTOX模型（基于NATA排放），室内空气浓度从现场研究室内吸入PAH摄入剂量建模。然后，我们将模型摄入量与2001-2002年国家健康和营养调查（NHANES）调查中测得的羟基PAH代谢物尿液水平进行比较，作为PAH母体化合物的可量化人体摄入量。从生物标志物推断的模拟摄入量和估计摄入量的对数正态概率图表明，美国人口接触萘、芴和菲的主要途径可能是室内来源的吸入。就苯并（a）芘而言，主要的接触途径可能是通过多途径迁移和室外排放造成的生物累积而摄入食物。多种接触途径对芘很重要。我们还考虑了预测的暴露量的敏感性萘的总产量排放到室内环境的比例。多环芳烃生物标志物的暴露变异性估计的模型和样本数据的各种暴露途径的比较支持，室内和室外模型都需要捕获的来源和暴露于环境污染物的途径。(C)2012爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Exposure to environmental chemicals results from multiple sources, environmental media, and exposure routes. Ideally, modeled exposures should be compared to biomonitoring data. This study compares the magnitude and variation of modeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposures resulting from emissions to outdoor and indoor air and estimated exposure inferred from biomarker levels. Outdoor emissions result in both inhalation and food-based exposures. We modeled PAH intake doses using U.S. EPA's 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) county-level emissions data for outdoor inhalation, the CalTOX model for food ingestion (based on NATA emissions), and indoor air concentrations from field studies for indoor inhalation. We then compared the modeled intake with the measured urine levels of hydroxy-PAH metabolites from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey as quantifiable human intake of PAH parent-compounds. Lognormal probability plots of modeled intakes and estimated intakes inferred from biomarkers suggest that a primary route of exposure to naphthalene, fluorene, and phenanthrene for the U.S. population is likely inhalation from indoor sources. For benzo(a)pyrene, the predominant exposure route is likely from food ingestion resulting from multi-pathway transport and bioaccumulation due to outdoor emissions. Multiple routes of exposure are important for pyrene. We also considered the sensitivity of the predicted exposure to the proportion of the total naphthalene production volume emitted to the indoor environment. The comparison of PAH biomarkers with exposure variability estimated from models and sample data for various exposure pathways supports that both indoor and outdoor models are needed to capture the sources and routes of exposure to environmental contaminants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.