What aspects of autism predispose to talent?
What aspects of autism predispose to talent?
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2008.0332
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发表时间：
2009-05-27
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Vital, Pedro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Happe, Francesca;Vital, Pedro
在本文中，我们探讨了这个问题，为什么在自闭症谱系障碍（ASC）中，特殊技能比其他群体更常见？目前的认知帐户的ASC简要回顾有关的特殊技能。“心理理论”的困难可能有助于ASC的原创性，因为不会自动“阅读他人思想”的人可能更能够在流行时尚和流行理论之外思考。然而，只有独创性并不能赋予人才。执行功能障碍被认为是特殊技能在ASC中的“释放”机制，但其他有执行困难的群体并没有显示出人才的发生率上升。关注细节的加工偏差（“弱连贯性”，“增强知觉功能”）似乎是最有前途的诱发特征，或“启动引擎”，为人才的发展。为了支持这一观点，我们总结了一项基于人群的双胞胎研究的数据，在这项研究中，父母报告了他们8岁孩子的天赋和他们的ASC样特征。在整个样本中，类似ASC的特征，特别是与细节关注相关的“限制性和重复性行为和兴趣”，在报告有天赋的儿童中比年长的儿童更明显。我们认为，注重细节的认知风格倾向于天才领域，超越自闭症谱系障碍。
In this paper, we explore the question, why are striking special skills so much more common in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) than in other groups? Current cognitive accounts of ASC are briefly reviewed in relation to special skills. Difficulties in 'theory of mind' may contribute to originality in ASC, since individuals who do not automatically 'read other minds' may be better able to think outside prevailing fashions and popular theories. However, originality alone does not confer talent. Executive dysfunction has been suggested as the 'releasing' mechanism for special skills in ASC, but other groups with executive difficulties do not show raised incidence of talents. Detail-focused processing bias ('weak coherence', 'enhanced perceptual functioning') appears to be the most promising predisposing characteristic, or 'starting engine', for talent development. In support of this notion, we summarize data from a population-based twin study in which parents reported on their 8-year-olds' talents and their ASC-like traits. Across the whole sample, ASC-like traits, and specifically 'restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests' related to detail focus, were more pronounced in children reported to have talents outstripping older children. We suggest that detail-focused cognitive style predisposes to talent in savant domains in, and beyond, autism spectrum disorders.