New Forestry Principles from Ecosystem Analysis of Pacific Northwest Forests.
New Forestry Principles from Ecosystem Analysis of Pacific Northwest Forests.
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太平洋西北森林生态系统分析的新林业原理。
DOI：
10.2307/1941860
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Franklin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. Swanson;J. Franklin
美国太平洋西北部联邦土地上的森林管理做法一直是激烈争议的中心。不断更新的价值体系、新的信息和新的视角引发了关于木材生产和自然生态系统保护之间平衡的争论。本文从森林管理的三个方面考虑示例：（1）森林林分的管理，（2）景观尺度上森林林分斑块的管理，以及（3）溪流和河岸网络的管理。在每一个案例中，我们研究：管理实践和观点，最近的过去，从生态系统研究的结果，导致这些做法的变化，导致管理实践的变化，以及未来的研究方向。我们还提出了未来变革的路径，包括面对不确定性的管理系统。自然和管理的森林和溪流生态系统的研究结果在重新评估和重新设计管理做法以提供更广泛的管理选择供社会考虑方面发挥了关键作用。自然扰动过程及其影响的研究结果被用作旨在维持生物多样性和生态系统生产力的管理系统的参考点。例如，正在修改林分管理做法，以便在那些在集约种植园林业做法下将被全部砍伐的地区保留一些活树和更多的死木残体，包括直立的和倒下的。这些改良做法的动机是维持生物多样性，包括关键的野生物种，并保持土壤生产力。目前正在使用景观尺度的替代森林砍伐模式来审查其对生态系统结构和功能的影响。这种分析的结果之一已经从以前的系统分散切割单元的系统，涉及更大的聚合的单位使用的设计，以提供物种喜欢森林内部栖息地，以及有利于边缘和早期串行栖息地的物种。作为生态系统研究的结果，河流和河岸网络的管理现在可以基于对森林-河流相互作用的理解，并在流域-流域范围内进行设计。总的来说，研究和管理的重点似乎处于从特色物种转移的早期阶段，花旗松（Pseudotsuga menziesii（Mirb.）Franco）和北方斑点猫头鹰（Strix occurentalis caurina）-从森林的规模到生态系统，从森林的景观和整个地区。除了生态系统研究对重新设计管理技术的贡献外，生态系统科学家还在确定自然资源管理未来进程的社会进程中发挥作用。科学家参与的一个重要媒介是建立适应性管理方案，在这些方案中，管理活动作为实验进行，以检验假设，并为未来的自然资源管理提供所需的信息。
Forest management practices on Federal lands in the Pacific Northwest of the United States have been the center of intense controversy. Conflicting value systems, new information, and new perspectives have fueled the debate over the balance between timber production and preservation of natural ecosystems. In this paper we consider examples from three aspects of forest management: (1) management of forest stands, (2) management of the patchwork of forest stands at the landscape scale, and (3) management of streams and riparian networks. In each of these cases we examine: management practices and perspectives of the recent past, findings from ecosystem research that are leading to change in those practices, resulting changes in management practices, and future research directions. We also suggest a path for future change, including systems for managing in the face of uncertainty. Results of research in natural and managed forest and stream ecosystems have been pivotal in reassessment and redesign of management practices to provide a broader range of management options for society to consider. Results of studies of natural disturbance processes and their effects are used as reference points for management systems intending to sustain biological diversity and ecosystem productivity. Stand management practices, for example, are being modified to retain some live trees and greater amounts of dead woody debris, both standing and down, in areas that would instead be clear-cut under intensive plantation forestry practices. The motivations for these modified practices are to sustain biological diversity, including key wildlife species, and to maintain soil productivity. Models of alternative forest-cutting patterns at a landscape scale are being used to examine their effects on ecosystem structure and function. One result of this analysis has been to shift from the previous system of dispersing cutting units to a system involving greater aggregation of units using designs to provide for species preferring forest interior habitat as well as species favoring edge and early seral habitats. As a result of ecosystem research, the management of stream and riparian networks can now be based on understanding of forest-stream interactions and designed within a drainage-basin context. Overall, emphasis in research and management seems to be in early stages of shifting from featured species-e.g., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina)-to ecosystems, and from the scale of forest stands to landscapes and the entire region. In addition to the contributions of ecosystem research to redesign of management techniques, ecosystem scientists also have roles in the social processes for determining the future course of management of natural resources. An important medium for scientist participation is establishment of adaptive management programs, in which management activities are conducted as experiments to test hypotheses and to develop information needed for future natural resource management.