LEAD EXPOSURE IN WISCONSIN BIRDS
LEAD EXPOSURE IN WISCONSIN BIRDS
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威斯康星州鸟类的铅暴露
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Webster
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Strom;J. Langenberg;Nancy K. Businga;Jasmine K. Batten;S. Webster
威斯康星州自然资源部的野生动物健康项目监测了许多鸟类的铅（Pb）暴露情况，包括秃鹰（Haliaeetus leucocephalus）、号手天鹅（Cygnus buccinator）、潜鸟（Gavia immer）和美洲山鹬（Scolo- pax minor）。对号手天鹅健康数据的全面审查表明，大约25%的号手天鹅死亡归因于铅中毒。同样，大约15%的活样本号手天鹅的血铅水平高于背景浓度（20微克/分升）。对秃鹰尸检数据的类似审查显示，威斯康星州所有秃鹰死亡中约有15%归因于铅中毒。铅中毒导致的死亡率从10月开始明显上升，12月达到顶峰。这种模式与威斯康星州的狩猎季节重叠，表明铅弹药可能是鹰铅暴露的主要来源。2006年启动了一项监测计划，将铅毒性作为普通潜鸟死亡率的一个因素。到目前为止，大约30%的死潜提交尸检被发现是铅中毒。在所有铅毒性是导致死亡原因的主要原因的情况下，都从潜鸟的胃肠道中发现了铅渔具。2002年完成了一项调查威斯康星州伍德考克铅含量的综合研究。研究结果表明，美国伍德考克在威斯康星州的繁殖地暴露于铅，导致骨组织中铅的高积累。骨铅浓度被认为是有毒的水禽观察到在所有年龄组的山鸡。对幼鸟的一部分骨骼样本进行了稳定同位素分析，以确定铅的来源。结果是不确定的，但没有排除人为来源，虽然铅暴露的途径没有确定，数据表明当地和饮食来源。很明显，威斯康星州的许多野生动物物种正暴露在潜在有害水平的铅中，铅中毒仍然是许多这些物种的一个重要死亡因素。威斯康星州铅中毒病例的流行率不太可能下降，直到排入威斯康星州环境的铅量减少。收稿日期：2008年7月9日，接受日期：2008年9月3日。斯特罗姆M.，J. A.兰根贝格K.布辛加和J. K.巴顿。2009.威斯康星州鸟类的铅暴露。In R. T.沃森，M.富勒，M。Pokras和W. G. Hunt（Eds.）从废弹药中摄入铅：对野生动物和人类的影响。美国爱达荷州博伊西百富勤基金会。DOI 10.4080/ilsa.2009.0205
The Wildlife Health Program of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has moni- tored lead (Pb) exposure in numerous avian species including Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator), Common Loons (Gavia immer), and American Woodcock (Scolo- pax minor). A comprehensive review of Trumpeter Swan health data indicated approximately 25% of Trumpeter Swan fatalities were attributed to lead toxicity. Similarly, approximately 15% of live-sampled Trumpeter Swans had blood lead levels above background concentrations (20 µg/dL). A similar review of necropsy data for Bald Eagles revealed approximately 15% of all Bald Eagle deaths in Wisconsin were at- tributed to lead toxicity. A noticeable increase in the percent of fatalities attributed to lead toxicity began in October and peaked in December. This pattern overlapped with the hunting seasons in Wisconsin suggest- ing lead ammunition could be a major source of lead exposure in eagles. A surveillance program examining lead toxicity as a factor in mortality of Common Loons was initiated in 2006. To date, approximately 30% of the dead loons submitted for necropsy were found to be lead poisoned. Lead fishing gear was recovered from the GI tracts of loons in all cases where lead toxicity was a major contributor to the cause of death. A comprehensive study investigating lead levels in woodcock from Wisconsin was completed in 2002. The results of the study indicated American Woodcock were exposed to lead on their breeding grounds in Wis- consin, resulting in high accumulations of lead in bone tissue. Bone lead concentrations considered to be toxic in waterfowl were observed in all age classes of woodcock. Stable isotope analysis was conducted on a subset of bone samples from young-of-year birds in order to identify the source of the lead. The results were inconclusive but did not rule out anthropogenic sources, and although the pathway of lead exposure was not identified, the data suggest a local and dietary source. It is clear that numerous species of Wiscon- sin wildlife are being exposed to potentially harmful levels of lead, and lead poisoning remains a significant mortality factor for many of these species. The prevalence of lead poisoning cases in Wisconsin is unlikely to decrease until the amount of lead discharged into the Wisconsin environment is reduced. Received 9 July 2008, accepted 3 September 2008. STROM, S. M., J. A. LANGENBERG, N. K. BUSINGA, AND J. K. BATTEN. 2009. Lead exposure in Wisconsin birds. In R. T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W. G. Hunt (Eds.). Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammu- nition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA. DOI 10.4080/ilsa.2009.0205