Technology , globalization , and international competitiveness : Challenges for developing countries
Technology , globalization , and international competitiveness : Challenges for developing countries
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技术、全球化和国际竞争力：发展中国家面临的挑战
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Carl J. Dahlman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carl J. Dahlman
本文追溯了技术在经济增长和竞争力中的作用，从技术战略的角度总结了过去50年来增长最快的经济体的战略，总结了一些使发展中国家更难复制上述国家的快速增长经验的关键全球趋势，并追溯了中国崛起对发展中国家的影响。本文的主要论点是，技术是全球化和竞争力的一个日益重要的因素，技术变革速度的加快和有效参与全球化所必需的先决条件使许多发展中国家更难竞争。第二部分从长远角度分析了技术和经济增长。第3节介绍了经济增长所揭示的区域竞争力变化的全球概况。第4节确定了过去50年中一些表现出色的国家，并审查了包括众所周知的“四国集团”在内的表现出色的东亚经济体以及三个东南亚国家的战略。第5节审查了“金砖四国”国家的战略，这些国家是最大的发展中国家经济体（巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和墨西哥）。报告还认为，发展中国家更难复制东亚高绩效国家的成功，主要有两个原因。其中之一涉及全球竞争环境中的新因素。第6节对此进行了总结。另一个是中国的迅速崛起（印度也在较小程度上崛起）。第7节对此进行了介绍，其中还包括对中国迅速崛起对世界其他地区影响的初步分析。最后，第8章得出了一些结论。发展中国家必须发展更多的技术能力和更大的灵活性，以便在要求更高和不对称的全球环境中取得成功。全球化的压力和更大的国际竞争可能会在发达国家和发展中国家产生强烈的保护主义紧缩。这些都应该抵制。如果发达国家专注于提高灵活性，以适应快速技术变革带来的不断变化的比较优势，而发展中国家专注于提高教育、基础设施和技术能力，那么整个世界都会变得更好。然而，全球体系中仍然存在着很大的不对称性，需要作出更大的努力，提供一些全球平衡和转移机制。
This paper traces the role of technology in economic growth and competitiveness, summarizes the strategies of the fastest growing economies over the last 50 years from the perspective of their technology strategy, summarizes some of the key global trends which are making it more difficult for developing countries to replicate the fast growth experience of the countries mentioned, and traces the impact of the rise of China on developing countries. The main argument of this paper is that technology is an increasingly important element of globalisation and of competitiveness and that the acceleration in the rate of technological change and the pre-requisites necessary to participate effectively in globalisation are making it more difficult for many developing countries to compete. Section 2 gives a long-term perspective on technology and economic growth. Section 3 presents a global overview of changes in regional competitiveness as revealed by economic growth. Section 4 identifies some of the high performers in the last 50 years and reviews the strategies of the high performing East Asian economies comprising the well known “gang of four”, plus three South East Asian countries. Section 5 reviews the strategies of the BRICM countries, the largest developing country economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and Mexico). It also argues that it is harder for developing countries to replicate the success of the high performing East Asian countries for two main reasons. One relates to new elements in the global competitive environment. These are summarized in section 6. The other is the rapid rise of China (and to a lesser extent India). This is covered in Section 7, which also includes a preliminary analysis of the effects of the rapid rise of China on the rest of the world. Finally, Section 8 draws some conclusions. Developing countries must develop more technological capability and greater flexibility to succeed in the more demanding and asymmetric global environment. It is likely that the pressures of globalisation and greater international competition generate strong protectionist retrenchment in both developed and developing countries. These should be resisted. The world as a whole will be better off if developed countries focus on increasing their flexibility to adjust to changing comparative advantage resulting from rapid technical change, and developing countries focus on increasing their education, infrastructure, and technological capability. There remain however large asymmetries in the global system and greater efforts need to be made to provide some global balancing and transfer mechanisms.