Infrastructure Planning for Electric Vehicles with Battery Swapping
Infrastructure Planning for Electric Vehicles with Battery Swapping
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DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.2022651
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发表时间：
2012-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ho‐Yin Mak;Ying Rong;Z. Shen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ho‐Yin Mak;Ying Rong;Z. Shen
运输部门是温室气体(GHG)排放的主要来源。作为迈向更绿色环境的一步，涉及电动汽车(EVS)的解决方案已经被提出和讨论。当电动汽车由高效和环保的发电机提供电力时，与汽油车相比，电动汽车的每英里行驶成本显著降低，同时产生的排放量也更低。不幸的是，由于电池容量有限，典型的电动汽车一次充电只能行驶大约100英里。因为充电需要几个小时，所以在超过100英里的长途(往返)旅程中给电动汽车充电是不可能的。总部位于加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托的初创企业Better Place(BP)提出了一种新的战略，可能会克服充电问题。在该计划中，除了为家庭、工作场所和购物中心的适配器充电外，还将在高速公路沿线的战略位置设置“换电池站”，在长途旅行中，可以在那里用耗尽的电池更换充电的电池。通过电池更换设备，英国石油公司已经演示了如何在不到两分钟的时间内有效地为一辆电动汽车加油。基于电池更换想法的电动汽车解决方案的可能成功取决于充电服务提供商(BP或其他类似公司)部署具有全面覆盖范围的经济高效的基础设施网络的能力。不幸的是，由于电动汽车的采用率以及换乘服务的需求仍然高度不确定，服务提供商必须在手头信息不完整的情况下制定部署计划。在本文中，我们基于一个稳健的优化框架，开发了一些模型来帮助规划部署电池更换基础设施的过程。我们进一步证明，我们的模型可以用混合整数二阶锥规划(MISOCP)来逼近，这很容易用商业求解器来求解。使用这些模型，我们展示了电池标准化和各种技术进步对最优基础设施部署策略的潜在影响。
The transportation sector is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a step toward a greener environment, solutions involving electric vehicles (EVs) have been proposed and discussed. When powered by electricity from efficient and environmentally-friendly generators, EVs have significantly lower per-mile running costs compared to gasoline cars, while generating lower emissions. Unfortunately, due to the limited capacity of batteries, typical EVs can only travel for about 100 miles on a single charge. Because recharging takes several hours, it is impossible to recharge an EV in the middle of a long (round) trip exceeding 100 miles. Better Place (BP), a start-up based in Palo Alto, CA, proposed a novel strategy that potentially overcomes the recharging problem. In the plan, in addition to charging adaptors at homes, work places and shopping malls, "swapping stations'', at which depleted batteries can be exchanged for recharged ones in the middle of long trips, will be located at strategic locations along freeways. With its battery swapping equipment, BP has demonstrated how to effectively refuel an EV in less than two minutes. The possible success of EV solutions based on the idea of battery swapping hinges on the ability of the charging service provider (BP or other similar firms) to deploy a cost-effective infrastructure network with comprehensive coverage. Unfortunately, since the adoption rate of electric vehicles, and thus demand for swapping service, is still highly uncertain, the service provider must make deployment plans with incomplete information on hand. In this paper, we develop models that aid the planning process for deploying battery swapping infrastructure, based on a robust optimization framework. We further show that our models can be tightly approximated by mixed-integer second-order cone programs (MISOCPs), which are readily solvable by commercial solvers. Using these models, we demonstrate the potential impacts of battery standardization and various technology advancements on the optimal infrastructure deployment strategy.