Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the US - the first sixteen years
Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the US - the first sixteen years
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DOI：
10.1186/2190-4715-24-24
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Benbrook, Charles M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benbrook, Charles M.
背景：转基因、抗除草剂和抗虫害作物在美国取得了显著的商业成功。很少有独立研究计算它们对每公顷农药使用量或总农药使用量的影响，也没有考虑到快速传播的抗草甘膦杂草的影响。在1996-2011年的16年间，建立了一个模型来量化6个主要转基因害虫管理性状对美国杀虫剂使用的影响：抗除草剂玉米、大豆和棉花；针对欧洲玉米螟的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)玉米；用于玉米根虫的Bt玉米；用于鳞翅目昆虫的Bt棉花。结果：抗除草剂作物技术导致1996至2011年间美国除草剂使用量增加2.39亿公斤(5.27亿磅)，而Bt作物减少了5600万公斤(1.23亿磅)的杀虫剂使用量。总体而言，杀虫剂的使用估计增加了1.83亿公斤(4.04亿磅)，约为7%。结论：与经常重复的说法相反，今天的转基因作物已经并正在减少杀虫剂的使用，抗草甘膦杂草在抗除草剂杂草管理系统中的蔓延导致除草剂使用量和数量的大幅增加。如果新的耐2，4-D的转基因玉米和大豆获得批准，2，4-D的喷洒数量可能会将除草剂的使用量再提高约50%。过去16年，抗除草剂作物上除草剂使用量的增加使Bt作物上杀虫剂使用量的减少相形见绌，而且在可预见的未来将继续如此。
Background: Genetically engineered, herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant crops have been remarkable commercial successes in the United States. Few independent studies have calculated their impacts on pesticide use per hectare or overall pesticide use, or taken into account the impact of rapidly spreading glyphosate-resistant weeds. A model was developed to quantify by crop and year the impacts of six major transgenic pest-management traits on pesticide use in the U. S. over the 16-year period, 1996-2011: herbicide-resistant corn, soybeans, and cotton; Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn targeting the European corn borer; Bt corn for corn rootworms; and Bt cotton for Lepidopteron insects.Results: Herbicide-resistant crop technology has led to a 239 million kilogram (527 million pound) increase in herbicide use in the United States between 1996 and 2011, while Bt crops have reduced insecticide applications by 56 million kilograms (123 million pounds). Overall, pesticide use increased by an estimated 183 million kgs (404 million pounds), or about 7%.Conclusions: Contrary to often-repeated claims that today's genetically-engineered crops have, and are reducing pesticide use, the spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant weed management systems has brought about substantial increases in the number and volume of herbicides applied. If new genetically engineered forms of corn and soybeans tolerant of 2,4-D are approved, the volume of 2,4-D sprayed could drive herbicide usage upward by another approximate 50%. The magnitude of increases in herbicide use on herbicide-resistant hectares has dwarfed the reduction in insecticide use on Bt crops over the past 16 years, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.