Critical Mass Theory
Critical Mass Theory
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临界质量理论
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Oliver
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Oliver
社会运动中的“临界质量理论”大致上是指任何关于相互依赖的决定如何积累成集体行动的正式理论，或者更狭义地说，是指马维尔和奥利弗（1993）的传统。“临界质量”一词起源于核物理学，是维持核链式反应所需的最少量裂变材料。作为类比或隐喻，这个词已经扩散到流行文化和社会科学中，并广泛用于指在一定数量的人聚集在一起或进入一个环境后事物发生变化的任何背景。这个术语在大学录取或就业中关于种族/民族或性别多样性的研究和法庭案件中尤为重要（阿迪斯2007）。社会运动活动家和学者经常以一种松散的隐喻方式使用“临界群众”来指代一群足够大的抗议者或行动者来完成社会变革。《临界质量公报》（Critical Mass Bulletin）是20世纪70年代为研究集体行为和社会运动的学者提供的时事通讯。一篇写于20世纪70年代初的文章哀叹缺乏研究集体行为的学者（Quarantelili & Weller 1974）。
保留字：
政治社会学
“Critical mass theory” in social movements refers loosely to any formal theory about how interdependent decisions accumulate into collective action or more narrowly to work in the tradition of Marwell and Oliver (1993). The term “critical mass” originates in nuclear physics, as the smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. As analogy or metaphor the term has diffused into popular culture and social science and is widely used to refer to any context in which things change after a certain number of people get together or enter a setting. The term has been especially important in research and court cases about racial/ethnic or gender diversity in college admissions or employment (Addis 2007). Social movement activists and scholars often use “critical mass” in a loose metaphorical way to refer to an initial group of protesters or actors that is big enough to accomplish social change. Critical Mass Bulletin was the name given to the 1970s newsletter for scholars of collective behavior and social movements. An article written in the early 1970s bemoaned the lack of critical mass of scholars studying collective behavior (Quarantelili & Weller 1974).
Keywords:
Political Sociology