The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease
The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009
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发表时间：
2005-02-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
McEwen, BS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Korte, SM;Koolhaas, JM;McEwen, BS
为什么我们会患上与压力有关的疾病？为什么有些人会突发自身免疫性疾病，而另一些人则会在生活中的压力时期患上忧郁症？在这篇综述中，我们将用不同的分析水平给出可能的解释。首先，我们从进化的角度解释为什么不同的生物采取不同的行为策略来应对压力。很明显，自然选择维持了不同特征的平衡，保留了种群内高攻击性(鹰)和低攻击性(鸽子)的基因。这些性格类型(鹰-鸽子)的存在在动物界很普遍，不仅在雄性和雌性之间，而且在不同物种的同一性别中也是如此。第二，对不同的压力反应及其工作原理给出了近似的(因果)解释。鹰和鸽子在基本生理上存在差异，这些差异与它们各自的行为策略有关；例如，大胆的鹰在建立新的领地或保卫现有的领地时优先采用战斗-逃跑反应，而谨慎的鸽子则表现出冻结-隐藏的反应，以适应环境中的威胁。第三，我们描述了各种应激反应的表达如何给生物体带来特定的好处。第四，我们讨论了异效平衡的好处和适应的代价(异定负荷)如何导致在健康和疾病方面的不同权衡，从而强化了达尔文的应激概念。总而言之，这解释了为什么个体对不同的应激相关疾病的易感性不同，以及这与群体中不同的人格类型，特别是攻击性鹰和非攻击性鸽子之间的关系。提出了一个概念框架，表明由于对异物平衡中介的有效管理，鹰更有可能是暴力的，出现冲动控制障碍、高血压、心律失常、猝死、非典型抑郁、慢性疲劳状态和炎症。相比之下，鸽子由于释放了更多的异物(过剩)介质，更容易患上焦虑症、新陈代谢综合征、忧郁症、精神状态和感染。(C)2004爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Why do we get the stress-related diseases we do? Why do some people have flare ups of autoimmune disease, whereas others suffer from melancholic depression during a stressful period in their life? In the present review possible explanations will be given by using different levels of analysis.First, we explain in evolutionary terms why different organisms adopt different behavioral strategies to cope with stress. It has become clear that natural selection maintains a balance of different traits preserving genes for high aggression (Hawks) and low aggression (Doves) within a population. The existence of these personality types (Hawks-Doves) is widespread in the animal kingdom, not only between males and females but also within the same gender across species.Second, proximate (causal) explanations are given for the different stress responses and how they work. Hawks and Doves differ in underlying physiology and these differences are associated with their respective behavioral strategies; for example, bold Hawks preferentially adopt the fight-flight response when establishing a new territory or defending an existing territory, while cautious Doves show the freeze-hide response to adapt to threats in their environment. Thus, adaptive processes that actively maintain stability through change (allostasis) depend on the personality type and the associated stress responses.Third, we describe how the expression of the various stress responses can result in specific benefits to the organism.Fourth, we discuss how the benefits of allostasis and the costs of adaptation (allostatic load) lead to different trade-offs in health and disease, thereby reinforcing a Darwinian concept of stress. Collectively, this provides some explanation of why individuals may differ in their vulnerability to different stress-related diseases and how this relates to the range of personality types, especially aggressive Hawks and nonaggressive Doves in a population.A conceptual framework is presented showing that Hawks, due to inefficient management of mediators of allostasis, are more likely to be violent, to develop impulse control disorders, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, atypical depression, chronic fatigue states and inflammation. In contrast, Doves, due to the greater release of mediators of allostasis (surplus), are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, metabolic syndromes, melancholic depression, psychotic states and infection. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.