Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society?
Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society?
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DOI：
10.1111/0162-895x.00255
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发表时间：
2001-09-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Bar-Tal, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bar-Tal, D
为什么在经历了多年难以解决的冲突之后走上建立和平道路的社会中，恐惧压倒了希望，这一问题可以根据心理学和情感社会学方面积累的知识来回答。这些知识表明，恐惧是一种自动的情绪，基于感知到的现在，通常基于记忆的过去（也是无意识地加工的），导致信念冻结，保守主义，有时先发制人的攻击。相比之下，希望主要涉及认知活动，这需要寻找新的想法，因此基于创造力和灵活性。因为希望是建立在思考的基础上的，它可能会被恐惧的自发和无意识的干扰所严重阻碍。恐惧和希望都可以成为组织社会观点和指导其行动形式的集体情感取向。据推测，社会参与棘手的冲突照顾主导的集体情绪取向的恐惧，这是功能在他们的应对压力和要求的情况。但是，这种倾向一旦开始，就会成为和平进程的心理障碍。以色列犹太人的集体恐惧取向的情况下提供了一个例子。介绍包括这一方向的根源，它是反映和传播的方式，以及它在以色列犹太公众中的表达;它以乐观的建议结束，社会可以决定克服他们的恐惧，建立一个集体的和平希望的方向。
The question of why fear overrides hope in societies embarked on the road of peacemaking after years of intractable conflict is answered on the basis of accumulated knowledge in the psychology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear is an automatic emotion, grounded in the perceived present and often based on the memorized past (also processed unconsciously), that leads to freezing of beliefs, conservatism, and sometimes preemptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, involves mostly cognitive activity, which requires the search for new ideas and thus is based on creativity, and flexibility. Because hope is based on thinking, it can be seriously impeded by the,spontaneous and unconscious interference of fear. Both fear and hope can become collective emotional orientations that organize society's views and direct its forms of action. It is assumed that societies involved in intractable conflict care dominated by a collective emotional orientation of fear, which is functional in their coping with the stressful and demanding situation. But such an orientation serves as a psychological obstacle to a peace process once it starts. The Israeli Jewish case of collective fear orientation is offered as an example. The presentation includes the roots of this orientation, the ways in which it is reflected and disseminated, and its expressions among the Israeli Jewish public; it ends optimistically with the suggestion that societies can determine to overcome their fear and establish a collective orientation of hope for peace.