Analysis of anonymous pooled urine from portable urinals in central London confirms the significant use of novel psychoactive substances
Analysis of anonymous pooled urine from portable urinals in central London confirms the significant use of novel psychoactive substances
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DOI：
10.1093/qjmed/hcs219
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
13.3
通讯作者：
Wood, D. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Archer, J. R. H.;Dargan, P. I.;Wood, D. M.
目的：分析在市中心收集的尿液样本，用于检测新型精神活性物质（NAPs）。设计：用于分析经典娱乐药物、NAPs和代谢物的匿名尿液样本的横断面研究。方法：从市中心的便携式独立四人小便池收集的合并尿液样本使用全扫描精确质量高，分离液相色谱串联质谱法。根据包含> 1700种药物化合物和代谢物的化合物数据库处理数据。七种已知的娱乐性药物（3，4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺、可卡因、大麻、氯胺酮、3，4-亚甲二氧基-N-甲基苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺和苯丙胺）和六种潜在的苯丙胺[大麦碱（所有12个尿液）、卡西碱（11个）、甲基己胺（9个）、4-甲基甲卡西酮（6个）、甲氧丙胺和代谢物（2个）以及甲氧西他胺和代谢物（1个）]。甲基己胺、甲氧丙胺和大麦碱目前在英国不受管制，而甲氧西他明目前受临时类药物令的管制。在两个小便池中发现了合成代谢类固醇诺龙的代谢物，在一个小便池中发现了群勃龙代谢物和克伦特罗。结论：对从大内城独立小便池匿名收集的合并尿液样本进行分析可以检测到娱乐性药物、NPS和合成代谢类固醇的使用。代谢物检测表明实际的药物使用，代谢和消除，而不是简单地丢弃在尿中的药物。通过确认实际使用的药物，这种技术有可能添加到当前使用的数据集/关键指标中，为医疗保健机构、立法和执法部门提供有关实际使用药物的更可靠信息。
Aim: Analysis of urine samples collected across a city centre, for the detection of novel psychoactive substances (NPS).Design: Cross-sectional study of anonymized urine samples used for the analysis of classical recreational drugs, NPS and metabolites.Methods: Pooled urine samples collected from portable stand-alone four-person urinals across a city centre were analysed using full-scan accurate-mass high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Data were processed against compound databases containing > 1700 drug compounds and metabolites.Results: Seven established recreational drugs (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, cocaine, cannabis, ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, methamphetamine and amphetamine) and six potential NPS [hordenine (all 12 urinals), cathine (11), methylhexaneamine (9), 4-methylmethcathinone (6), methiopropamine and metabolites (2) and methoxetamine and metabolites (1)] were detected. Methylhexaneamine, methiopropamine and hordenine are currently uncontrolled in the UK, whereas methoxetamine is currently subject to a Temporary Class Drug Order. Metabolites of the anabolic steroid nandrolone were found in two urinals and trenbolone metabolites and clenbuterol in one urinal.Conclusion: Analysis of pooled urine samples collected anonymously from stand-alone urinals in a large inner city can detect the use of recreational drugs, NPS and anabolic steroids. Metabolite detection indicates actual drug use, metabolism and elimination rather than simply discarded drugs in the urinals. This technique by confirming the actual drug(s) used has the potential to be additive to currently used datasets/key indicators providing more robust information for healthcare authorities, legislative and law enforcement on the drugs actually being used.