Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the 'Protection Paradox'
Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the 'Protection Paradox'
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DOI：
10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Stuart-Smith, Rick D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bates, Amanda E.;Cooke, Robert S. C.;Stuart-Smith, Rick D.
通过海洋保护区（MPAs）限制人类活动被认为可以创造更具弹性的生物群落，具有更大的抵御和恢复气候事件的能力。在这里，我们回顾了与保护免受当地压力有关的证据（例如，渔业和栖息地破坏），并提高复原力。尽管有强大的理论基础，但研究很少将复原力反应归因于食物网和栖息地的恢复以及社区和种群多样性的增加。当被发现时，海洋保护区对海洋变暖的抵抗和极端事件后的恢复在自然变化的背景下影响很小。相比之下，气候压力事件之后，海洋保护区的大量死亡得到了很好的描述。这可能部分是因为对一组压力或驱动因素（如捕鱼）的保护可以选择对其他因素（如变暖）高度敏感的物种，从而创建“保护公园”。鉴于气候变化正在压倒海洋生态系统的复原能力，唯一的主要解决办法是减少碳排放。在空间和时间上的高质量监测数据也可以识别确实存在的紧急弹性信号，并结合足够的参考数据来量化初始系统状态。这一知识将使不同保护区的网络能够纳入应对气候变化的空间避难所，并确定自然系统的弹性生物组成部分。充分的空间复制进一步提供了保险，防止任何给定MPA的损失，并有可能积累许多微弱的弹性信号。
Restricting human activities through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is assumed to create more resilient biological communities with a greater capacity to resist and recover following climate events. Here we review the evidence linking protection from local pressures (e.g., fishing and habitat destruction) with increased resilience. Despite strong theoretical underpinnings, studies have only rarely attributed resilience responses to the recovery of food webs and habitats, and increases in the diversity of communities and populations. When detected, resistance to ocean warming and recovery after extreme events in MPAs have small effect sizes against a backdrop of natural variability. By contrast, large die-offs are well described from MPAs following climate stress events. This may be in part because protection from one set of pressures or drivers (such as fishing) can select for species that are highly sensitive to others (such as warming), creating a 'Protection Paradox'. Given that climate change is overwhelming the resilience capacity of marine ecosystems, the only primary solution is to reduce carbon emissions. High quality monitoring data in both space and time can also identify emergent resilience signals that do exist, in combination with adequate reference data to quantify the initial system state. This knowledge will allow networks of diverse protected areas to incorporate spatial refugia against climate change, and identify resilient biological components of natural systems. Sufficient spatial replication further offers insurance against losses in any given MPA, and the possibility for many weak signals of resilience to accumulate.