Breaking down the barrier: the effects of HIV-1 on the blood-brain barrier.

Breaking down the barrier: the effects of HIV-1 on the blood-brain barrier.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.015
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发表时间:
2011-07-05
期刊:
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Nonnemacher MR
Nonnemacher MR
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Strazza M;Pirrone V;Wigdahl B;Nonnemacher MR

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人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型 (HIV-1) 主要感染 CD4+ T 细胞和单核巨噬细胞谱系的细胞,导致感染患者出现免疫缺陷。除了这种免疫缺陷之外,在没有机会性感染或其他合并症的情况下,HIV-1 还与许多神经系统症状有关,这表明 HIV-1 能够穿过血脑屏障 (BBB),进入中枢神经系统 (CNS),并导致神经认知障碍。在 HIV-1 疾病的整个过程中,HIV-1 感染的单核巨噬细胞穿过 BBB 并进入 CNS。一旦进入大脑,游离病毒和病毒感染的细胞都能够感染邻近的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及可能的其他细胞类型。外周和中枢神经系统中的 HIV-1 感染细胞会导致病毒蛋白(包括 gp120、Tat 和 Nef)以及细胞因子和趋化因子等宿主炎症介质水平升高。研究表明,病毒蛋白可能单独作用或与宿主细胞因子和趋化因子协同作用,影响血脑屏障的完整性。这些相互作用的病理终点可能会促进正反馈循环,导致艾滋病毒渗透到中枢神经系统的增加。本综述提出,神经侵袭期间和之后的 BBB 失调是神经病理过程的关键组成部分,这种保护性屏障的失调是由病毒和宿主因素共同引起的,包括分泌的病毒蛋白、炎症过程的组成部分、衰老过程、治疗以及药物或酒精滥用。
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primarily infects CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, resulting in immunodeficiency in an infected patient. Along with this immune deficiency, HIV-1 has been linked to a number of neurological symptoms in the absence of opportunistic infections or other co-morbidities, suggesting that HIV-1 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the central nervous system (CNS), and cause neurocognitive impairment. HIV-1-infected monocyte-macrophages traverse the BBB and enter the CNS throughout the course of HIV-1 disease. Once in the brain, both free virus and virus-infected cells are able to infect neighboring resident microglia and astrocytes and possibly other cell types. HIV-1-infected cells in both the periphery and the CNS give rise to elevated levels of viral proteins, including gp120, Tat, and Nef, and of host inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. It has been shown that the viral proteins may act alone or in concert with host cytokines and chemokines, affecting the integrity of the BBB. The pathological end point of these interactions may facilitate a positive feedback loop resulting in increased penetration of HIV into the CNS. It is proposed in this review that the dysregulation of the BBB during and after neuroinvasion is a critical component of the neuropathogenic process and that dysregulation of this protective barrier is caused by a combination of viral and host factors including secreted viral proteins, components of the inflammatory process, the aging process, therapeutics, and drug or alcohol abuse.
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