Assessment of body composition and total energy expenditure in humans using stable isotope techniques; IAEA Human Health Series No. 3
Assessment of body composition and total energy expenditure in humans using stable isotope techniques; IAEA Human Health Series No. 3
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使用稳定同位素技术评估人体的身体成分和总能量消耗；
DOI：
10.1080/10256016.2010.521823
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Krumbiegel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Krumbiegel
一个国际专家组编写了这份出版物，以促进人类营养这一重要领域的技术和知识转让。向营养学家和有关工作人员和科学家提供有关理论背景的信息，以及测量身体成分和总能量消耗变化的现行方法的实际应用。稳定同位素技术的使用被认为是一种非常有用的工具，与传统技术相比，它增加了测量的灵敏度和特异性。在第一章中，介绍了有关安全和伦理考虑的背景信息。除了氧-18之外，氘（氢-2）是营养评估领域的关键同位素。然而，已知氘在人类使用的稳定同位素对下产生最高的同位素效应。在生物系统中，氘同位素效应可能在细胞或整个生物体水平上产生不利影响。动力学和热力学同位素效应可表现出蛋白质和核酸合成受损、生物聚合物构象和稳定性改变、酶促反应速率改变、细胞分裂受损和形态变化。引用了七篇论文来说服读者推荐的氘量是安全的。氘毒性的假定阈值早先被定义为15%。这与可用于人体研究的浓度相差甚远：通常使用的氘剂量为20 - 80 mg/kg体重，导致体内水的最大浓度约为0.16%。根据这本小册子中引用的文献，几十年来，人类使用氘的安全性这一重要问题一直没有得到令人满意的回答。因此，国际原子能机构的这份出版物似乎是第一个官方指导方针--如果忽略旧的历史的话。应该提到的是，1969年在前东德（DDR）制定并出版了一份相应的文件（德语）："用稳定同位素标记的化学元素和化合物"。在人类医药和食品工业中的应用"（TGL-标准14488，自1970年1月1日起生效）。关于氘的人体应用，该文件指出：“仅允许以体内水中平均氘浓度不超过0.6 at. - %的量给予用稳定同位素氘标记的水”。这位评审员参与了政府法规的制定，他后来在他的书《临床研究和诊断用稳定同位素药物》（G。Fischer，Jena，Stuttgart，纽约，1991）。原子能机构出版物的其他简短章节包括同位素稀释原理、其用于评估全身能量消耗（包括双标记水理论）以及
An international group of experts developed this publication to contribute to the transfer of technology and knowledge in an important field of human nutrition. Information is provided to nutritionists and related workers and scientists on the theoretical background as well as the practical application of current methodologies for the measurement of changes in body composition and total energy expenditure. The use of stable isotope techniques has been seen to be a very useful tool adding value by increasing sensitivity and specificity of measurements when compared with the conventional techniques. In a first chapter, background information is presented about safety and ethical considerations. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) – besides oxygen-18 – is the key isotope in this field of nutritional assessments. Deuterium, however, is known to produce the highest isotope effects under the stable isotope pairs in human use. In biological systems, deuterium isotope effects may have an adverse impact at the cellular or whole organism level. Kinetic and thermodynamic isotope effects may exhibit impaired protein and nucleic acid synthesis, altered conformation and stability of biopolymers, altered rates of enzymatic reactions, impaired cell division and morphological changes. Seven papers are cited to convince the reader that the recommended deuterium amounts are safe. The supposed threshold of deuterium toxicity has been defined earlier as 15 %. This is far away from the concentrations conceivable for use in human studies: commonly used deuterium doses are 20–80 mg/kg body weight resulting in a maximum concentration in body water of about 0.16 %. According to the cited literature in this booklet, the important question of the safety of human deuterium use has not been answered satisfactorily for decades with an official guideline. So this IAEA publication seems to be the first official guideline – if old history is neglected. It should be mentioned that a corresponding document was developed and published (in German) previously in 1969 in former East Germany (DDR): ‘Chemical elements and compounds labelled with stable isotopes. Application in human medicine and food industry’ (TGL-Standard 14488, valid from 01/01/1970). Concerning the human application of deuterium, this document stated: ‘Water labelled with the stable isotope deuterium is allowed to administer only in such an amount that the mean deuterium concentration in the body water does not exceed 0.6 at.-%’. The reviewer took part in the preparation of the governmental regulations, and he cited them later on in his book Stable Isotope Pharmaceuticals for Clinical Research and Diagnosis (G. Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, 1991). Further short chapters of the IAEA publication include the isotope dilution principle, its use for the assessment of total body energy expenditure (including the theory of doubly labelled water) and