Dogs, cats, and kin: A molecular species-level phylogeny of Carnivora
Dogs, cats, and kin: A molecular species-level phylogeny of Carnivora
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.033
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
May-Collado, Laura J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Agnarsson, Ingi;Kuntner, Matjaz;May-Collado, Laura J.
系统发育学支持比较生物学作为测试进化和生物地理假说、提供保护策略以及揭示特征和谱系的年龄和进化史的高实用工具。作为工具，最强大的是那些包含给定类群的所有或几乎所有分类单元的系统学。尽管它们有明显的实用价值，但这种系统发育，而不是总结的“超级树”，目前对于大多数哺乳动物目，包括食肉目，是缺乏的。食肉动物由大约270种现存物种组成，包括世界上大多数大型陆地捕食者(如大型猫科动物、狼、熊)，以及许多人类最喜欢的野生动物(熊猫、猎豹、老虎)和家养动物(狗、猫)。食肉动物分布在全球，在生态上高度多样化，占据了地球上所有主要的栖息地类型，在社会性、交流、身体/大脑大小和觅食生态等特征上也不同。因此，许多研究继续解决该目内的比较问题，突出了详细的物种水平生理学的必要性。在这里，我们提出了食肉目的系统发育，将分类单元采样密度从迄今为止最详细的原始数据研究中的28%增加到82%，其中包含243个分类单元(222个现存种，17个亚种)。除了现存的物种，我们还采样了四个灭绝的物种：美洲猎豹、剑齿猫、洞熊和巨大的短面熊。从GenBank挖掘的细胞色素b序列数据的贝叶斯分析导致了一个系统发育假说，该假说与之前基于较少分类群但更多特征的研究基本一致。我们发现支持食肉目的单系，它的主要分支为犬形目和费利形目，并支持该目中除一个科以外的所有科。唯一的例外是将北极熊安置在原蟹科以外的地方，然而，先前的研究已经对它的家庭安置产生了怀疑。相反，在亚科和属的水平上，我们的结果表明当前的分类存在许多问题。我们的结果还提出了新的、有争议的假说，例如小熊猫(艾律科)与犬科(犬科)的姐妹可能的位置。我们的结果证实了先前的发现，即狗是从欧亚狼(犬狼疮1upus)驯化而来的，与近东对猫的驯化是一致的。总之，这项研究展示了迄今为止最详细的食肉目物种水平的系统发育，也是食肉动物物种比较研究的一个非常必要的工具。为了演示这种用途，我们对进化独特性(EDGE)进行了系统发育分析，这可以用来帮助建立保护优先事项。根据这些标准，并根据许多可能的参数之一，保护进化多样性的最优先肉食性物种包括：僧海豹、大熊猫和小熊猫、巨型水獭、水獭、果子狸、奥斯顿果子狸、海獭、利比里亚猫鼬、眼镜熊、海象、比努龙和蜂窝。由Elsevier Inc.出版
Phylogenies underpin comparative biology as high-utility tools to test evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses, inform on conservation strategies, and reveal the age and evolutionary histories of traits and lineages. As tools, most powerful are those phylogerries that contain all, or nearly all, of the taxa of a given group. Despite their obvious utility, such phylogenies, other than summary 'supertrees', are currently lacking for most mammalian orders, including the order Carnivora. Carnivora consists of about 270 extant species including most of the World's large terrestrial predators (e.g., the big cats, wolves, bears), as well as many of man's favorite wild (panda, cheetah, tiger) and domesticated animals (dog, cat). Distributed globally, carnivores are highly diverse ecologically, having occupied all major habitat types on the planet and being diverse in traits such as sociality, communication, body/brain size, and foraging ecology. Thus, numerous studies continue to address comparative questions within the order, highlighting the need for a detailed species-level phylogery. Here we present a phylogeny of Carnivora that increases taxon sampling density from 28% in the most detailed primary-data study to date, to 82% containing 243 taxa (222 extant species, 17 subspecies). In addition to extant species, we sampled four extinct species: American cheetah, saber-toothed cat, cave bear and the giant short-faced bear. Bayesian analysis of cytochrome b sequences data-mined from GenBank results in a phylogenetic hypothesis that is largely congruent with prior studies based on fewer taxa but more characters. We find support for the monophyly of Carnivora, its major division into Caniformia and Feliformia, and for all but one family within the order. The only exception is the placement ofthe kinkajou outside Procyonidae, however, prior studies have already cast doubt on its family placement. In contrast, at the subfamily and genus level, our results indicate numerous problems with current classification. Our results also propose new, controversial hypotheses, such as the possible placement of the red panda (Ailuridae) sister to canids (Caniclae). Our results confirm previous findings suggesting that the dog was domesticated from the Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus 1upus) and are congruent with the Near East domestication of the cat. In sum, this study presents the most detailed species-level phylogeny ofCarnivora to date and a much needed tool for comparative studies of carnivoran species. To demonstrate one such use, we perform a phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary distinctiveness (EDGE), which can be used to help establish conservation priorities. According with those criteria, and under one of the many possible sets of parameters, the highest priority Carnivora species for conservation of evolutionary diversity include: monk seals, giant and red panda, giant otter, otter civet, Owston's palm civet, sea otter, Liberian mongoose, spectacled bear, walrus, binturong, and the fossa. Published by Elsevier Inc