Moraxella catarrhalis - Pathogen or Commensal?
Moraxella catarrhalis - Pathogen or Commensal?
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4419-7185-2_9
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Aebi, Christoph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Aebi, Christoph
卡他莫拉菌是一种人类特有的肠道和粘膜病原体。它作为一种致病微生物的作用长期以来一直受到质疑。今天，它被认为是儿童急性中耳炎的主要原因之一，并且自从引入七价肺炎球菌结合疫苗以来，其从鼻咽和中耳腔分离的相对频率增加，这与婴儿和幼儿鼻咽植物群组成的变化有关。虽然M.与肺炎球菌疾病相比，卡他通常被认为是温和的，现在已经鉴定了许多推定的毒力因子，并且已经表明M.卡他引起粘膜炎症。在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的成人中，M。尽管所谓的冷休克反应是在诸如大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌或最近的金黄色葡萄球菌、M.卡他病是唯一一种典型的鼻咽部病原体，在这种病原体中已经研究了这种反应。事实上，当人类长时间吸入冷空气时，生理上可能发生的3小时26摄氏度冷休克增加了上皮细胞粘附并增强了促炎宿主反应，因此可能导致被称为普通感冒的症状，这通常归因于病毒感染。
Moraxella catarrhalis is an exclusively human commensal and mucosal pathogen. Its role as a disease-causing organism has long been questioned. Today, it is recognized as one of the major causes of acute otitis media in children, and its relative frequency of isolation from both the nasopharynx and the middle ear cavity has increased since the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which is associated with a shift in the composition of the nasopharyngeal flora in infants and young children. Although otitis media caused by M. catarrhalis is generally believed to be mild in comparison with pneumococcal disease, numerous putative virulence factors have now been identified and it has been shown that several surface components of M. catarrhalis induce mucosal inflammation. In adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), M. catarrhalis is now a well-established trigger of approximately 10% of acute inflammatory exacerbations.Although the so-called cold shock response is a well-described bacterial stress response in species such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis or - more recently - Staphylococcus aureus, M. catarrhalis is the only typical nasopharyngeal pathogen in which this response has been investigated. Indeed, a 3-h 26 degrees C cold shock, which may occur physiologically, when humans inspire cold air for prolonged periods of time, increases epithelial cell adherence and enhances proinflammatory host responses and may thus contribute to the symptoms referred to as common cold, which typically are attributed to viral infections.