Plumage pigment differences underlying the yellow-red differentiation in the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
Plumage pigment differences underlying the yellow-red differentiation in the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.12.006
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Stradi, Riccardo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hudon, Jocelyn;Wiebe, Karen L.;Stradi, Riccardo
阐明造成物种差异的过程是进化生物学的中心目标。北闪鸟(Colaptes Auratus)在北美作为两个分化良好的亚种群存在，即黄轴闪鸟(Auratus Group)和红轴闪鸟(Cafer Group)，它们在飞行羽毛的底面和轴以及颧骨和颈部斑块的颜色上存在显著差异。我们通过鉴定和量化所涉及的色素来研究这些明显表型差异的生理基础。金鱼的黄色羽毛含有自然界中常见的类胡萝卜素(叶黄素、α-隐黄质、玉米黄质和β-胡萝卜素)。Cafer和杂交种的橙色到红色的轴/叶片含有这些类胡萝卜素以及单酮和双酮类胡萝卜素(特别是腺红素、α-胡萝卜素、角黄素、虾青素)，代表在金鱼中存在的类胡萝卜素的碳C4(4‘)处的氧化产物。羽毛类胡萝卜素在C4(4‘)位的氧化作用与轴/叶片红度密切相关。类胡萝卜素C3(3‘)羟基化和8个末端环类胡萝卜素的比例也因颜色而不同，掩盖了两个亚种群之间几种类胡萝卜素修饰酶活性的差异。奇怪的是，红轴个体偶尔的黄色羽毛含有金鱼的类胡萝卜素，因此这种差异在Cafer中并不是结构性的，这突显了监管方面的差异。咖啡馆的红色颧条、黑色颧条和金鱼的红色颈斑都含有相似类型和数量的类胡萝卜素，主要是3-羟基-4-酮-胡萝卜素。我们发现的两种高度分化的形式之间的生化差异，揭示了羽毛颜色如何随着进化时间的推移而变化，并为进一步的研究指明了方向。皇冠版权所有(C)2015由爱思唯尔公司出版。保留所有权利。
Elucidating the processes that create species differences is a central goal of evolutionary biology. The Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) exists as two well-differentiated subspecies groups in North America, the Yellow-shafted (auratus group) and Red-shafted Flickers (cafer group), which differ strikingly in the color of the underside and rachises of flight feathers, and of malar and nuchal patches. We investigated the physiological basis of these conspicuous phenotypic differences by identifying and quantifying the pigments involved. The yellow feathers of auratus contained carotenoids commonly found in nature (lutein, a-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene). The orange to red shafts/vanes of cafer and hybrids contained these carotenoids as well as mono- and diketo-carotenoids (notably adonirubin, alpha-doradexanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin), representing oxygenated products at carbon C4(4') of the carotenoids present in auratus. Oxygenation of feather carotenoids at C4(4') correlated closely with shaft/vane redness. Carotenoid hydroxylation at C3(3') and the proportion of carotenoids with 8 end-rings also varied with color and belie differences in the activity of several carotenoid-modifying enzymes between the two subspecies groups. Curiously, occasional yellow feathers in red-shafted individuals had the carotenoids of auratus, hence the differences are not constitutive in cafer, underscoring regulatory differences. The red malar stripe of cafer, the black malar stripe and red nuchal patch of auratus all contained similar types and amounts of carotenoids, mostly 3-hydroxy-4-keto-carotenoids. The biochemical differences between two strongly differentiated forms we uncovered shed light on how plumage coloration can change over evolutionary time and point to further avenues of research. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.