Predators Induce Phenotypic Plasticity in Echinoderms across Life History Stages
Predators Induce Phenotypic Plasticity in Echinoderms across Life History Stages
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DOI：
10.1086/725633
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发表时间：
2023-04-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Allen，Jonathan D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Barnes，Danielle K.;Allen，Jonathan D.
海洋无脊椎动物具有双相生命周期，其特征是生命史的转变与栖息地的变化相一致，从底栖成体到浮游胚胎和幼虫，然后在变态时作为幼体返回底栖动物。变质过渡使动物暴露于一系列新的底栖捕食者，高死亡率往往发生在定居后的几小时和几天内。幼年无脊椎动物可能会产生表型塑料形态防御时，捕食线索被检测到。然而，表型可塑性固有的时间滞后可能会延迟防御的产生，直到最高脆弱性时期之后。因此，它应该是有益的，接近解决的浮游幼虫检测水生线索从底栖捕食者和产生少年表型适合postmetamorphic生存。棘皮动物是用于测试transshabitat和trans-life history stage表型可塑性的有用模型，因为许多物种具有仍在水柱中构建其幼年表型的幼虫。在这项研究中，我们测试了是否暴露于底栖捕食者的线索，修改他们的青少年在定居点的表型。绿色海胆（Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis）和太平洋沙元（Dendraster excentricus）幼虫暴露于捕食性绿色蟹（Carcinus maenus）或红色岩蟹（Cancer productus）的线索，分别从他们的早期少年雏形形成通过解决。绿色海胆幼虫暴露于捕食者的线索解决了显着更多的少年刺相比，未暴露的控制。沙元表现出较早的解决，更大的磁盘面积，更少的刺，和更短的刺时，暴露于底栖捕食者的线索。沙元幼虫也暴露于线索，从浮游蟹幼虫，并在响应解决更快，更大，甚至更少，更短的刺比那些暴露于底栖捕食者的线索。这些结果表明，棘皮动物幼虫改变其少年表型响应捕食者的线索，但物种之间的反应各不相同，并对水生威胁的反应可能优先于底栖动物。
Marine invertebrates with biphasic life cycles feature life history transitions that coincide with habitat changes from benthic adults to planktonic embryos and larvae, then a return to the benthos as a juvenile at metamorphosis. The metamorphic transition exposes animals to a new suite of benthic predators, and high mortality often occurs in the hours and days following settlement. Juvenile invertebrates may produce phenotypically plastic morphological defenses when predator cues are detected. However, time lags inherent to phenotypic plasticity may delay the production of defenses until after the period of highest vulnerability. It should, therefore, be beneficial for planktonic larvae approaching settlement to detect waterborne cues from benthic predators and produce juvenile phenotypes appropriate for postmetamorphic survival. Echinoderms are useful models for testing transhabitat and trans–life history stage phenotypic plasticity because many species have larvae that construct their juvenile phenotype while still in the water column. In this study, we tested whether planktonic echinoderm larvae exposed to cues from benthic predators modified their juvenile phenotypes at settlement. Green urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and Pacific sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) larvae were exposed to predatory green crab (Carcinus maenus) or red rock crab (Cancer productus) cues, respectively, from their early-stage juvenile rudiment formation through settlement. Green urchin larvae exposed to predator cues settled with significantly more juvenile spines compared to unexposed controls. Sand dollars exhibited earlier settlement, larger disk area, fewer spines, and shorter spines when exposed to benthic predator cues. Sand dollar larvae were also exposed to cues from planktonic crab larvae and in response settled sooner and larger, with even fewer and shorter spines than those exposed to benthic predator cues. These results suggest that echinoderm larvae alter their juvenile phenotype in response to predator cues, but the response varies between species, and responses to planktonic threats may be prioritized over benthic ones.