Food sustainability: problems, perspectives and solutions
Food sustainability: problems, perspectives and solutions
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DOI：
10.1017/s0029665112002947
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Garnett, Tara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Garnett, Tara
全球粮食系统对气候变化的温室气体排放做出了重大贡献，供应链的各个阶段，从农业生产到加工，分销，零售，家庭食品准备和废物，都发挥了作用。它还造成其他重大的环境影响，包括生物多样性的丧失以及水的抽取和污染。决策者越来越意识到需要解决这些问题，但与此同时，他们也面临着日益沉重的粮食安全和营养相关问题的负担，他们的任务是确保有足够的粮食来满足不断增长的全球人口的需求。简而言之，更多的人需要得到更好的食物，同时减少对环境的影响。如何实现这一点？大体上，关于这些问题及其相互作用，似乎正在出现三种主要的“看法”或观点。根据人们的观点，这个问题可以被概念化为生产挑战，在这种情况下，需要通过提高粮食生产的单位效率来改变粮食生产方式;消费挑战，需要改变决定粮食生产的饮食驱动因素;或者社会经济挑战，需要改变粮食系统的管理方式。本文认为，这些观点反过来，他们对营养和气候变化的影响，以及他们的优势和劣势。最后，一个论点是重新定位的政策思维，使用所有三个角度提供的见解，而不是像今天的情况下，一个在另一个。
The global food system makes a significant contribution to climate changing greenhouse gas emissions with all stages in the supply chain, from agricultural production through processing, distribution, retailing, home food preparation and waste, playing a part. It also gives rise to other major environmental impacts, including biodiversity loss and water extraction and pollution. Policy makers are increasingly aware of the need to address these concerns, but at the same time they are faced with a growing burden of food security and nutrition-related problems, and tasked with ensuring that there is enough food to meet the needs of a growing global population. In short, more people need to be fed better, with less environmental impact. How might this be achieved? Broadly, three main 'takes' or perspectives, on the issues and their interactions, appear to be emerging. Depending on one's view point, the problem can be conceptualised as a production challenge, in which case there is a need to change how food is produced by improving the unit efficiency of food production; a consumption challenge, which requires changes to the dietary drivers that determine food production; or a socio-economic challenge, which requires changes in how the food system is governed. This paper considers these perspectives in turn, their implications for nutrition and climate change, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, an argument is made for a reorientation of policy thinking which uses the insights provided by all three perspectives, rather than, as is the situation today, privileging one over the other.