Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates
Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.029
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发表时间：
2016-12-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Zaher, Hussam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alencar, Laura R. V.;Quental, Tiago B.;Zaher, Hussam
蝰蛇科蛇类由大约 329 种有毒物种组成，各谱系之间的物种丰富度存在显着的异质性。虽然 Azemiopinae 亚科仅包含两个物种，但所有毒蛇物种的 70% 都属于响尾蛇亚科或“响尾蛇”。坑毒蛇的辐射以热感应坑的进化为标志，这被认为是该群体成功多样化的关键创新。此外，只有响尾蛇能够成功地殖民新大陆。在这里，我们展示了该科迄今为止最完整的分子系统发育，其中包括代表所有活毒蛇 79% 的核和线粒体基因序列。我们还研究了谱系之间的分歧时间，使用六块化石来校准树，并探索了巴豆类动物经历过爆炸性辐射的假设。我们的系统发育分析获得了对蝰蛇科、蝰蛇亚科和响尾蛇亚科以及 27 个属中的 22 个属的单系性的高度支持值，以及整个科中得到充分支持的属间关系。我们成功地找到了新世界坑毒蛇的一个强有力的姐妹格莱德，其中包括格洛伊迪斯蛇、卵蛇蛇、原猿蛇和竹叶青。我们的结果在许多方面与其他关注毒蛇系统发育学的研究一致，但我们也恢复了新的关系。尽管添加了新序列，我们仍无法解决之前建议的一些不良支持关系。分歧时间估计表明，毒蛇在古新世晚期到始新世中期左右开始辐射，其亚科最有可能追溯到始新世。新大陆的入侵可能发生在靠近渐新世/中新世边界的某个时间。多样化分析表明，在坑蝰蛇的下空地辐射期间，物种形成率发生了变化，其中物种形成率迅速增加，但在目前的情况下逐渐放缓。因此，欧莱雅坑的进化本身似乎并不能解释它们爆炸性的物种形成率。我们认为亚洲的气候和地质变化以及新大陆的入侵也可能导致了毒蛇的物种形成转变。 (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Snakes of the cosmopolitan family Viperidae comprise around 329 venomous species showing a striking heterogeneity in species richness among lineages. While the subfamily Azemiopinae comprises only two species, 70% of all viper species are arranged in the subfamily Crotalinae or the "pit vipers". The radiation of the pit vipers was marked by the evolution of the heat-sensing pits, which has been suggested to be a key innovation for the successful diversification of the group. Additionally, only crotalines were able to successfully colonize the New World. Here, we present the most complete molecular phylogeny for the family to date that comprises sequences from nuclear and mitochondrial genes representing 79% of all living vipers. We also investigated the time of divergence between lineages, using six fossils to calibrate the tree, and explored the hypothesis that crotalines have undergone an explosive radiation. Our phylogenetic analyses retrieved high support values for the monophyly of the family Viperidae, subfamilies Viperinae and Crotalinae, and 22 out of 27 genera, as well as well-supported intergeneric relationships throughout the family. We were able to recover a strongly supported sister Glade to the New World pit vipers that comprises Gloydius, Ovophis, Protobothrops and Trimeresurus gracilis. Our results agree in many aspects with other studies focusing on the phylogenetics of vipers, but we recover new relationships as well. Despite the addition of new sequences we were not able to resolve some of the poor supported relationships previously suggested. Time of divergence estimates suggested that vipers started to radiate around the late Paleocene to middle Eocene with subfamilies most likely dating back to the Eocene. The invasion of the New World might have taken place sometime close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Diversification analyses suggested a shift in speciation rates during the radiation of a sub-Glade of pit vipers where speciation rates rapidly increased but slowed down toward the present. Thus, the evolution of the loreal pits alone does not seem to explain their explosive speciation rates. We suggest that climatic and geological changes in Asia and the invasion of the New World may have also contributed to the speciation shift found in vipers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.