The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction
The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction
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DOI：
10.1007/s00213-008-1282-9
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发表时间：
2008-12-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Dallery, Jesse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Raiff, Bethany R.;Dallery, Jesse
尼古丁可能会增强其他强化剂的增强作用。目前尚不清楚尼古丁是否增强了所有增强剂维持的反应，或者这种作用是否有限度。本研究的目的是通过使用观察反应程序来测试尼古丁诱导的增强反应增加的普遍性，该程序产生由食物增强剂、条件性增强剂维持的反应和消亡时的反应。我们还检查了尼古丁是否增加了对消退的抵抗力，以及尼古丁的作用是否可以被表征为速率依赖。大鼠在临死前皮下注射尼古丁(n=5)、0.3(n=6)或0.56(n=6)mg/kg尼古丁，共70次。通过移除食物五次来评估对灭绝的抵抗力。尼古丁并不总是影响食物或对灭绝的反应。两种剂量的尼古丁都能增加条件性增强剂维持的反应，但不能增强对消退的抵抗力。虽然尼古丁有增加低的药物前反应率(即尼古丁给药前的反应率)的趋势，但0.3和0.56 mg/kg尼古丁有系统地增加条件强化剂维持的反应。这一结果与尼古丁的增强剂作用一致。然而，尼古丁没有增加对灭绝的抵抗力，也没有增加食物维持的反应。尼古丁可以选择性地增加由适度强化刺激维持的反应，例如本研究中使用的条件强化刺激。
Nicotine may enhance the reinforcing value of other reinforcers. It is unclear whether nicotine enhances responding maintained by all reinforcers or whether there are limits to this role.The objective of the study is to test the generality of nicotine-induced increases in reinforced responding by using an observing response procedure, which generated measures of responding maintained by food reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, and responding during extinction. We also examined whether nicotine increased resistance to extinction and whether nicotine's effects could be characterized as rate-dependent.Rats received presession subcutaneous injections of Vehicle (n=5), 0.3 (n=6), or 0.56 (n=6) mg/kg nicotine for 70 sessions. Resistance to extinction was also assessed by removing food for five sessions.Nicotine did not consistently affect food or extinction responding. Both doses of nicotine produced increases in responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers, but did not increase resistance to extinction. Predrug response rates accounted for a small but significant percentage of the variance in the drug effect.Although there was a tendency for nicotine to increase low predrug response rates (i.e., response rates just prior to nicotine administration), 0.3 and 0.56 mg/kg nicotine systematically increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers. The results are consistent with a reinforcer-enhancing role of nicotine. However, nicotine did not increase resistance to extinction, nor did it increase food-maintained responses. Nicotine may selectively increase responding maintained by moderately reinforcing stimuli, such as the conditioned reinforcers used in the present study.