Rethinking food waste for a healthier planet.
Rethinking food waste for a healthier planet.
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重新思考食物浪费，创造一个更健康的星球。
DOI：
10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30077-3
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Alexander P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alexander P
整个粮食系统的损失增加了对农业的需求，从而对环境造成影响。一个更少浪费和更有效的粮食系统是一个理想的目标，但什么是损失以及不同类型损失的相对程度尚不清楚。与食物浪费有关的研究和政策通常意味着食物系统的边界延伸到食物被吃掉的地方。1，2但是，如果食品系统的目标是以可持续的方式提供足够的健康和营养食品，那么超过营养需求的消费也是一种食物浪费;后者被定义为零售商和消费者行为造成的损失。2我们认为，目前的食物浪费议程和言论值得重新审视，因为过度消费食物比丢弃的食物浪费对社会的破坏更大，因为环境和健康成本的结合。最后一部分的困境可以假设，其中太多的食物是准备一顿饭和一部分后，食客舒适地吃饱了。决定社会责任行为的问题是什么？它们对将过度消费视为损失有什么建议？减少浪费的愿望似乎意味着用餐者有责任消耗剩余的食物。其他私人和社会行为动机可能会加强这种行为，例如从减少废物中获得的道德满足感，3以及对超重的长期影响的折扣。[4]在一个庞大的人口中，这种小规模的个人行为将大大减少被丢弃的食物，如果总需求保持不变，将反映在较低的农业产量上。因此，农业将使用更少的土地、水、化肥和农用化学品，从而降低温室气体排放，保护水资源和生物多样性。但考虑一下所谓的良性板块清理的替代结果。如果增加的部分没有取代其他的消费，也就是说，随后吃的量没有减少，那么总消费量就会增加。没有流离失所意味着对农业商品的需求没有减少，也没有环境效益。如果营养需求已经得到满足，体重增加可能会导致相关的健康问题（如心脏病和糖尿病）。虽然额外的食物摄入量应该由身体内稳态调节;作为一个社会，我们似乎越来越无法控制我们的体重，2014年全球八分之一的人口肥胖，是1975年的三倍。5久坐不动的生活方式、加工食品、6和更大的份量都与这一趋势有关，增加了保健服务的费用。例如，2014年英国卫生预算的13%（160亿英镑）用于与糖尿病和超重或肥胖相关的医疗费用。7最后一部分的消费只是将损失从被丢弃的食物转移到过度消费，生产的食物总量和相关的环境压力仍然没有改变。在食物被吃掉之前评估食物系统的损失会误导性地暗示浪费的减少。过度消费需要被视为一种损失，以便准确理解。虽然废物产生的个别情况将比在这种假设的困境中更加多样化，但相关的问题和后果仍然存在。目前，过度消费造成的全球总损失至少与废弃物造成的损失一样大。与生产相关的温室气体排放的年度社会成本...
Losses throughout the food system increase demands on agriculture, with consequent environmental impacts. A less wasteful and more efficient food system is a desirable goal, but what constitutes a loss and the relative magnitude of different types of loss are less clear. Research and policy related to food waste typically imply that the food system boundary extends to the point at which food is eaten. 1, 2 But if the objective of the food system is to provide sufficient healthy and nutritious food in a sustainable manner, then consumption in excess of nutritional requirements is also a form of food waste; the latter defined as the loss occurring from retailers’ and consumers’ behaviours. 2 We suggest that the current food waste agenda and rhetoric warrants re-examination because overconsumption of food is more damaging to society than discarded food waste due to a combination of environmental and health costs. A last-portion dilemma can be posited, in which too much food is prepared for a meal and a proportion remains after the eaters are comfortably full. What are the issues that determine the socially responsible action, and what do they suggest about treating overconsumption as a loss? The desire to reduce waste seems to imply a duty for the diners to consume the remaining food. Other private and social behavioural motives might reinforce this action, such as a form of moral satisfaction from perceived waste reduction, 3 and discounting the long-term implications from being overweight. 4 Such small individual acts across a large population would materially reduce discarded food, and if total demand remains constant, would be reflected in lower agricultural production. Consequently, less land, water, fertiliser, and agrichemicals would be used in agriculture, with benefits in terms of lower greenhouse gas emissions, as well as water and biodiversity conservation. But consider the alternative outcomes of so-called virtuous plate-clearing. If the additional portion does not displace other consumption—ie, the amount eaten subsequently is not reduced—then total consumption will have increased. A lack of displacement means no reduction in demand for agricultural commodities and no environmental benefits. If nutritional needs were already being met, increased bodyweight could result with associated health implications (eg, heart diseases and diabetes). Although additional food intake should be regulated by body homoeostasis; as a society we appear increasingly unable to control our weight, with an eighth of the global population being obese in 2014, treble the rate in 1975. 5 Sedentary lifestyles, processed foods, 6 and larger portion sizes are all implicated in this trend, imposing increasing costs on health services. For example, 13%(£ 16 billion) of the UK’s health budget in 2014 was spent on medical costs associated with diabetes and conditions related to being overweight or obese. 7 Consumption of the last portion has merely shifted losses from discarded food to excess consumption, and the total quantity of food produced and associated environmental pressures remain unaltered. Evaluation of food system losses until the food is eaten would misleadingly imply a reduction in waste. Overconsumption needs to be considered a loss for an accurate understanding to be presented. Although the individual circumstances of waste generation will be more varied than they are in this hypothetical dilemma, the associated issues and consequences remain. Aggregate global losses from overconsumption are at least as large as those from discarded waste at present. The annual social cost of greenhouse gas emissions associated with production of …
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全球粮食系统的损失、低效和浪费
DOI：
10.5445/ir/1000067280
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Alexander P
通讯作者：
Alexander P
DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30054-x
发表时间：
2016-04-02
期刊：
Lancet (London, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
通讯作者：
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
影响因子：
22.4
作者：
Green, L;Myerson, J
通讯作者：
Myerson, J
DOI：
10.1016/0095-0696(92)90019-s
发表时间：
1992-01-01
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
KAHNEMAN, D;KNETSCH, JL
通讯作者：
KNETSCH, JL