ON WOODEN PILLOWS - MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION AND CHILDRENS CATEGORY-BASED INDUCTIONS
ON WOODEN PILLOWS - MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION AND CHILDRENS CATEGORY-BASED INDUCTIONS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01713.x
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发表时间：
1992-12-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
GELMAN, SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
KALISH, CW;GELMAN, SA
先前的研究表明，学龄前儿童不区分在给定类别中可概括的属性和不可概括的属性。2可能的一般限制儿童的认知提出了解释这些发现。有3项研究报告反对这种普遍限制的存在。我们检查学龄前儿童对材料相关属性的理解（例如，木材、棉花）和物体（例如，椅子、枕头）类别。在研究1中，当被要求预测质地和易碎性时，受试者一致地根据物品的材料成分进行归纳。在研究2中，同样的受试者判断，共享材料的项目将共享一个不熟悉的倾向属性（例如，在水中浸湿），但是共享对象种类的项目将共享新颖的功能属性（例如，用于加速）。研究3测试了一个3岁的年轻样本，发现对类别类型的敏感性相同，尽管个体差异较大。到3岁时，儿童使用不同的范畴化模式来概括不同类型的现象。这些结果反对儿童使用类别进行归纳的能力的一般限制。即使儿童缺乏具体的理论知识，将现象组织成领域的能力也能让儿童认识到哪些类别在不同情况下是相关的。这种理解可以为发展更具体的理论提供基础。
Previous research has indicated that preschoolers do not distinguish between properties that are generalizable within a given category and those that are not. 2 possible general constraints on children's cognition are proposed to account for these findings. 3 studies are reported that argue against the presence of such general constraints. We examine preschoolers' understanding of the properties associated with material (e.g., wood, cotton) and object (e.g., chair, pillow) categories. In Study 1, subjects consistently made inductions based on the material compositions of items when asked to predict texture and fragility. In Study 2, the same subjects judged that items that shared material would share an unfamiliar dispositional property (e.g., gets sodden in water), but items that shared object kind would share a novel functional property (e.g., used for accelerating). Study 3 tested a younger sample of 3-year-olds and found the same sensitivity to category type, albeit with larger individual differences. By age 3, children use different modes of categorization to generalize different kinds of phenomena. These results argue against general limitations on children's abilities to use categories to make inductions. Even when children lack specific theoretical knowledge, the ability to organize phenomena into domains allows children to recognize which categories are relevant in different situations. This understanding can provide a basis for the development of more specific theories.